Source Material Astrophysics & Cosmology

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Some great HD screenshot stills can be found in this clip
a

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And

If you are less interested in sources and citation, more interested in HD images here is the social media lens search for the two images Google Lens

The Second Solar Spectrum.
The fact that there could be a mix-up between spectrum lines for elements/molecular and lines in air with chemistry vs vacuum vs in denser plasmas with micro fields changes everything. Astrophysicists have no idea what is going on in the sun. They use purely physics, no chemistry, and their model treats the sun as an ideal gas not dense enough for chemistry despite acknowledging the magnetic fields everywhere, they treat it as a mysteriously magnetized gas.
The Chromosphere & Second Solar Spectrum: Monitoring the Chemical Playground of the Sun! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BinXp... Is the Sun a Gas? The Standard Solar Model Explained! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDFPx... Is the Corona at MILLIONS of degrees? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrYIx... J.S. Ames, The Spectrum Researches of Professor J.M. Eder and E. Vallenta, Astrophys. J. 1895, 1, 443-446. https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/p... M. Saha, Ionization of the Solar Chromosphere, Phil. Mag. 1920, 40, 479-488. http://www.saha.ac.in/web/images/libr... J.A. Anderson, The Vacuum Spark Spectrum of Calcium, Astrophys. J. 1924, 59, 76-96. https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1924A... C.M. Olmstead, Sun-Spot Bands Which Appear in the Spectrum of a Calcium Arc Burning in the Presence of Hydrogen, Astrophys. J., 1908, 27, 66-69. https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1908A... A.V. Demura, Physical Models of Plasma Microfield, Int. J. Spectros. 2010, 671073, pp42. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijs/... H. Zirin, The mystery of the chromosphere. Solar Phys., 1996, v. 169, 313–326. https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1996S... G. Tsiropoula G., et al. Solar fine-scale structures I. Spicules and other small-scale, jet-like events at the chromospheric level: Observations and physical parameters. Space Sci. Rev. 2012, 169, 181–244. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1207.3956.pdf P.M. Robitaille, The Liquid Metallic Hydrogen Model of the Sun and the Solar Atmosphere IV. On the Nature of the Chromosphere, Progress Phys. 2013, 3, L15-L21. http://www.ptep-online.com/2013/PP-34... D. Nield, How Paint and a Speaker Could Explain The Physics of The Sun's Plasma Jets, March 13, 2022. https://www.sciencealert.com/jets-of-... Spicules in H-Alpha Credit: Big Bear Solar Observatoryλ http://www.bbso.njit.edu/images.html J.O. Stenflo and C.U. Keller, New Window for Spectroscopy, Nature 1996, 382(6592), 588. J.O. Stenflo and C.U. Keller, The Second Solar Spectrum. A new window for diagnostics of the Sun, Astro. Astrophysics 1997, 321, 927-934. J.O. Stenflo et al., Anomalous polarization effects due to coherent scattering on the Sun. Astron. Astrophys. 2000, 355 789-803. https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/p... J.O. Stenflo, Polarization of the Sun’s continuous spectrum, A & A, 2005, 429, 713-730. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf... P.M. Robitaille, Polarized Light from the Sun: Unification of the Corona and Analysis of the Second Solar Spectrum – Further implications of a Liquid Metallic Hydrogen Solar Model, Progr. Phys. 2015, 11(3), 236-245. http://ptep-online.com/2015/PP-42-07.PDF Second Solar Spectrum A.M. Gandorfer, High Resolution Atlas of the Second Solar Spectrum, Istituto ricerche solari Aldo e Cele Daccò, Locarno. https://www.irsol.usi.ch/data-archive... https://www.irsol.usi.ch/data/data_ar...

NIST Atomic Spectra Database Lines Form

Best viewed with the latest versions of Web browsers and JavaScript enabled

NIST lines data https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/... Solar Fraunhofer Spectrum with assignments https://bass2000.obspm.fr/download/so... Digital Fraunhofer Spectrum https://bass2000.obspm.fr/solar_spect...
Solar abundance data 





2022 Geology/ craters
Full Text - Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics (iiisci.org)
Robert Hawthorne Jr.


NB* 
Professor Scott's mathematical model of a Birkeland  Current.



NASA (Birkeland Currents, THESE PAPERS, WHILE INTERESTING IN PLACES. ACTUALLY SERVE TO DEMONSTRATE NASA'S LIMITED APPRECIATION FOR THE WIDESPREAD APPLICATION OF THESE PHENOMENA)

  1. Fujii, R.; Iijima, T.; Potemra, T. A.; Sugiura, M.

    1981-01-01

    Seasonal variations of large-scale Birkeland currents are examined in a study of the source mechanisms and the closure of the three-dimensional current systems in the ionosphere. Vector magnetic field data acquired by the TRIAD satellite in the Northern Hemisphere were analyzed for the statistics of single sheet and double sheet Birkeland currents during 555 passes during the summer and 408 passes during the winter. The single sheet currents are observed more frequently in the dayside of the auroral zone, and more often in summer than in winter. The intensities of both the single and double dayside currents are found to be greater in the summer than in the winter by a factor of two, while the intensities of the double sheet Birkeland currents on the nightside do not show a significant difference from summer to winter. Both the single and double sheet currents are found at higher latitudes in the summer than in the winter on the dayside. Results suggest that the Birkeland current intensities are controlled by the ionospheric conductivity in the polar region, and that the currents close via the polar cap when the conductivity there is sufficiently high. It is also concluded that an important source of these currents must be a voltage generator in the magnetosphere.

  2. High altitude observations of Birkeland currents

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Russell, C. T.

    1977-01-01

    Several models of field-aligned currents (Birkeland currents) in the magnetosphere are discussed, and high altitude observations of these currents, carried out with the aid of highly eccentric earth-orbiting spacecraft of the OGO and IMP series, are reviewed. The essential roles of Birkeland currents are identified: they relieve charge imbalances, transmit stresses, and lead to particle acceleration anomalous resistivity.

  3. The effect of Birkeland currents on magnetic field topology

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Peroomian, Vahe; Lyons, Larry R.; Schulz, Michael

    1996-01-01

    A technique was developed for the inclusion of large scale magnetospheric current systems in magnetic field models. The region 1 and 2 Birkeland current systems are included in the source surface model of the terrestrial magnetosphere. The region 1 and 2 Birkeland currents are placed in the model using a series of field aligned, infinitely thin wire segments. The normal component of the magnetic field from these currents is calculated on the surface of the magnetopause and shielded using image current carrying wires placed outside of the magnetosphere. It is found that the inclusion of the Birkeland currents in the model results in a northward magnetic field in the near-midnight tail, leading to the closure of previously open flux in the tail, and a southward magnetic field in the flanks. A sunward shift in the separatrix is observed.

  4. Ionospheric and Birkeland current distributions inferred from the MAGSAT magnetometer data

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Zanetti, L. J.; Potemra, T. A.; Baumjohann, W.

    1983-01-01

    Ionospheric and field-aligned sheet current density distributions are presently inferred by means of MAGSAT vector magnetometer data, together with an accurate magnetic field model. By comparing Hall current densities inferred from the MAGSAT data and those inferred from simultaneously recorded ground based data acquired by the Scandinavian magnetometer array, it is determined that the former have previously been underestimated due to high damping of magnetic variations with high spatial wave numbers between the ionosphere and the MAGSAT orbit. Among important results of this study is noted the fact that the Birkeland and electrojet current systems are colocated. The analyses have shown a tendency for triangular rather than constant electrojet current distributions as a function of latitude, consistent with the statistical, uniform regions 1 and 2 Birkeland current patterns.

  5. Development of large-scale Birkeland currents determined from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment

    DOE PAGES

    Anderson, B. J.; Korth, H.; Waters, C. L.; ...

    2014-05-07

    The Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment uses magnetic field data from the Iridium constellation to derive the global Birkeland current distribution every 10 min. We examine cases in which the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) rotated from northward to southward resulting in onsets of the Birkeland currents. Dayside Region 1/2 currents, totaling ~25% of the final current, appear within 20 min of the IMF southward turning and remain steady. In the onset of nightside currents occurs 40 to 70 min after the dayside currents appear. Afterwards, the currents intensify at dawn, dusk, and on the dayside, yielding a fullymore » formed Region 1/2 system ~30 min after the nightside onset. Our results imply that the dayside Birkeland currents are driven by magnetopause reconnection, and the remainder of the system forms as magnetospheric return flows start and progress sunward, ultimately closing the Dungey convection cycle.« less

  6. The relationship of total Birkeland currents to the merging electric field

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bythrow, P. F.; Potemra, T. A.

    1983-01-01

    Magsat data were used to examine the behavior of Birkeland currents during 1100-2000 UT in consecutive orbits passing near the dawn-dusk meridian. The field was measured with a three-axis fluxgate instrument with a resolution of within 0.5 nT, with the sampling occurring every 1/16th sec. A total of 32 crossings of the Northern Hemisphere auroral zone were available for analysis. The changes in the magnetic readings were correlated more closely with variation in the IMF parameters than to the latitudinal width of the changes. Evidence was found for a relationship between the reconnection electric field and the intensity of the large-scale Birkeland current system. The total conductance of the auroral zone was calculated to be about 18.7 mhos.

  7. Ionospheric convection inferred from interplanetary magnetic field-dependent Birkeland currents

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rasmussen, C. E.; Schunk, R. W.

    1988-01-01

    Computer simulations of ionospheric convection have been performed, combining empirical models of Birkeland currents with a model of ionospheric conductivity in order to investigate IMF-dependent convection characteristics. Birkeland currents representing conditions in the northern polar cap of the negative IMF By component are used. Two possibilities are considered: (1) the morning cell shifting into the polar cap as the IMF turns northward, and this cell and a distorted evening cell providing for sunward flow in the polar cap; and (2) the existence of a three-cell pattern when the IMF is strongly northward.

  8. Birkeland currents during substorms: Statistical evidence for intensification of Regions 1 and 2 currents after onset and a localized signature of auroral dimming

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Coxon, John C.; Rae, I. Jonathan; Forsyth, Colin; Jackman, Caitriona M.; Fear, Robert C.; Anderson, Brian J.

    2017-06-01

    We conduct a superposed epoch analysis of Birkeland current densities from AMPERE (Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment) using isolated substorm expansion phase onsets identified by an independently derived data set. In order to evaluate whether R1 and R2 currents contribute to the substorm current wedge, we rotate global maps of Birkeland currents into a common coordinate system centered on the magnetic local time of substorm onset. When the latitude of substorm is taken into account, it is clear that both R1 and R2 current systems play a role in substorm onset, contrary to previous studies which found that R2 current did not contribute. The latitude of substorm onset is colocated with the interface between R1 and R2 currents, allowing us to infer that R1 current closes just tailward and R2 current closes just earthward of the associated current disruption in the tail. AMPERE is the first data set to give near-instantaneous measurements of Birkeland current across the whole polar cap, and this study addresses apparent discrepancies in previous studies which have used AMPERE to examine the morphology of the substorm current wedge. Finally, we present evidence for an extremely localized reduction in current density immediately prior to substorm onset, and we interpret this as the first statistical signature of auroral dimming in Birkeland current.

  9. Relationship between Birkeland current regions, particle precipitation, and electric fields

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    De La Beaujardiere, O.; Watermann, J.; Newell, P.; Rich, F.

    1993-01-01

    The relationship of the large-scale dayside Birkeland currents to large-scale particle precipitation patterns, currents, and convection is examined using DMSP and Sondrestrom radar observations. It is found that the local time of the mantle currents is not limited to the longitude of the cusp proper, but covers a larger local time extent. The mantle currents flow entirely on open field lines. About half of region 1 currents flow on open field lines, consistent with the assumption that the region 1 currents are generated by the solar wind dynamo and flow within the surface that separates open and closed field lines. More than 80 percent of the Birkeland current boundaries do not correspond to particle precipitation boundaries. Region 2 currents extend beyond the plasma sheet poleward boundary; region 1 currents flow in part on open field lines; mantle currents and mantle particles are not coincident. On most passes when a triple current sheet is observed, the convection reversal is located on closed field lines.

  10. Upward electron beams measured by DE-1 - A primary source of dayside region-1 Birkeland currents

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Burch, J. L.; Reiff, P. H.; Sugiura, M.

    1983-01-01

    Measurements made by the High Altitude Plasma Instrument on DE-1 have shown that intense upward electron beams with energies from about 20 eV to about 200 eV are a common feature of the region just equatorward of the morning-side polar cusp. Computations of the currents carried by these beams and by the precipitating cusp electrons show excellent agreement with the simultaneous DE-1 magnetometer measurements for both upward and downward Birkeland currents. The data indicate that cold ionospheric electrons, which carry the downward region-1 Birkeland currents on the morning side, are accelerated upward by potential drops of a few tens of eV at altitudes of several thousand kilometers. This acceleration process allows spacecraft above those altitudes to measure routinely the charge carriers of both downward and upward current systems.

  11. Comparison of predictive estimates of high-latitude electrodynamics with observations of global-scale Birkeland currents

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Anderson, Brian J.; Korth, Haje; Welling, Daniel T.; Merkin, Viacheslav G.; Wiltberger, Michael J.; Raeder, Joachim; Barnes, Robin J.; Waters, Colin L.; Pulkkinen, Antti A.; Rastaetter, Lutz

    2017-02-01

    Two of the geomagnetic storms for the Space Weather Prediction Center Geospace Environment Modeling challenge occurred after data were first acquired by the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE). We compare Birkeland currents from AMPERE with predictions from four models for the 4-5 April 2010 and 5-6 August 2011 storms. The four models are the Weimer (2005b) field-aligned current statistical model, the Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation, the Open Global Geospace Circulation Model MHD simulation, and the Space Weather Modeling Framework MHD simulation. The MHD simulations were run as described in Pulkkinen et al. (2013) and the results obtained from the Community Coordinated Modeling Center. The total radial Birkeland current, ITotal, and the distribution of radial current density, Jr, for all models are compared with AMPERE results. While the total currents are well correlated, the quantitative agreement varies considerably. The Jr distributions reveal discrepancies between the models and observations related to the latitude distribution, morphologies, and lack of nightside current systems in the models. The results motivate enhancing the simulations first by increasing the simulation resolution and then by examining the relative merits of implementing more sophisticated ionospheric conductance models, including ionospheric outflows or other omitted physical processes. Some aspects of the system, including substorm timing and location, may remain challenging to simulate, implying a continuing need for real-time specification.

  12. Dominant modes of variability in large-scale Birkeland currents

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cousins, E. D. P.; Matsuo, Tomoko; Richmond, A. D.; Anderson, B. J.

    2015-08-01

    Properties of variability in large-scale Birkeland currents are investigated through empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of 1 week of data from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE). Mean distributions and dominant modes of variability are identified for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Differences in the results from the two hemispheres are observed, which are attributed to seasonal differences in conductivity (the study period occurred near solstice). A universal mean and set of dominant modes of variability are obtained through combining the hemispheric results, and it is found that the mean and first three modes of variability (EOFs) account for 38% of the total observed squared magnetic perturbations (δB2) from both hemispheres. The mean distribution represents a standard Region 1/Region 2 (R1/R2) morphology of currents and EOF 1 captures the strengthening/weakening of the average distribution and is well correlated with the north-south component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). EOF 2 captures a mixture of effects including the expansion/contraction and rotation of the (R1/R2) currents; this mode correlates only weakly with possible external driving parameters. EOF 3 captures changes in the morphology of the currents in the dayside cusp region and is well correlated with the dawn-dusk component of the IMF. The higher-order EOFs capture more complex, smaller-scale variations in the Birkeland currents and appear generally uncorrelated with external driving parameters. The results of the EOF analysis described here are used for describing error covariance in a data assimilation procedure utilizing AMPERE data, as described in a companion paper.

  13. Kristian Birkeland - The man and the scientist

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Egeland, A.

    1984-01-01

    A review is presented of Birkeland's outstanding contributions to auroral theory and, in particular, to the foundation of modern magnetospheric physics. Birkeland's first years in research, after a study of mathematics and theoretical physics at the university, were concerned with Maxwell's theory, the investigation of electromagnetic waves in conductors, wave propagation in space, an energy transfer by means of electromagnetic waves, and a general expression for the Poynting vector. Experiments with cathode rays near a magnet in 1895, led Birkeland to the development of an auroral theory. This theory represented the first detailed, realistic explanation of the creation of an aurora. Attention is given to experiments conducted to verify the theory, the discovery of the polar elementary storm, and the deduction of auroral electric currents. Birkeland's background and education is also considered along with his personality.

  14. Distant magnetic field effects associated with Birkeland currents /made possible by the evaluation of TRIAD's attitude oscillations/

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gustafsson, G.; Potemra, T. A.; Favin, S.; Saflekos, N. A.

    1981-10-01

    Principal oscillations of the TRIAD satellite are studied in 150 passes and are identified as the librations of a gravity-stabilized satellite. The libration periods are T(O)/2 and T(O)/(3) exp 1/2, where T(O) is the orbit period of about 100 min. The amplitude and phase change over periods of a few days, sometimes vanishing altogether, and these attitude changes are numerically evaluated and removed. Data from three consecutive passes spanning over three hours show a magnetic profile which extends as far as 10 deg in latitude from a single region 1 Birkeland current sheet, confirming the permanent and global nature of large-scale Birkeland currents.

  15. Birkeland, Kristian (1868-1917)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Murdin, P.

    2001-07-01

    Birkeland was a Norwegian physicist, born in Oslo. In 1900, he identified and then simulated the charged electron-magnetic flux tube connection between the Sun and Earth that produces the aurora. He studied the zodiacal light during expeditions to the Sudan and Egypt. Birkeland committed suicide in a depression associated with the rejection of his auroral theories by his contemporary established...

  16. Kristian Birkeland, The First Space Scientist

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Egeland, A.; Burke, W. J.

    2005-05-01

    At the beginning of the 20th century Kristian Birkeland (1867-1917), a Norwegian scientist of insatiable curiosity, addressed questions that had vexed European scientists for centuries. Why do the northern lights appear overhead when the Earth's magnetic field is disturbed? How are magnetic storms connected to disturbances on the Sun? To answer these questions Birkeland interpreted his advance laboratory simulations and daring campaigns in the Arctic wilderness in the light of Maxwell's newly discovered laws of electricity and magnetism. Birkeland's ideas were dismissed for decades, only to be vindicated when satellites could fly above the Earth's atmosphere. Faced with the depleting stocks of Chilean saltpeter and the consequent prospect of mass starvation, Birkeland showed his practical side, inventing the first industrial scale method to extract nitrogen-based fertilizers from the air. Norsk Hydro, one of modern Norway's largest industries, stands as a living tribute to his genius. Hoping to demonstrate what we now call the solar wind, Birkeland moved to Egypt in 1913. Isolated from his friends by the Great War, Birkeland yearned to celebrate his 50th birthday in Norway. The only safe passage home, via the Far East, brought him to Tokyo where in the late spring of 1917 he passed away. Link: http://www.springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,11855,5-10100-22-39144987-0,00.html?changeHeader=true

  17. .

  18. Nordic cosmogonies: Birkeland, Arrhenius and fin-de-siècle cosmical physics

  19. NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kragh, Helge

    2013-09-01

    During the two decades before World War I, many physicists, astronomers and earth scientists engaged in interdisciplinary research projects with the aim of integrating terrestrial, solar and astronomical phenomena. Under the umbrella label "cosmical physics" they studied, for example, geomagnetic storms, atmospheric electricity, cometary tails and the aurora borealis. According to a few of the cosmical physicists, insights in solar-terrestrial and related phenomena might be extrapolated to the entire solar system or beyond it. Inspired by their research in the origin and


REDSHIFT, CMB, SUPERNOVAE, RECESSIONAL VELOCITY RELATED

Refer: 1A supernovae scant evidence



Public Resource worth noting for amateur research:
The redshift database used by NASA is on record at Caltech here:
http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/forms/z.html


Oleg V. Verkhodanov https://www.sao.ru/Doc-en/Events/2020... https://www.celestis.com/participants... O. V. Verkhodanov, Series of Anomalies of low multipoles of WMAP and Planck Missions: What are They? Phys. Part. Nuclei, 2015, 46, 237–247. https://www1.jinr.ru/publish/Pepan/v-... O. V. Verkhodanov, Low Multipoles Anomalies of CMB Maps, in "Radiative Mechanisms of Astrophysical Objects (V. Grining et al., eds.). Yerevan, 2017, 363-370. P.M. Robitaille, WMAP: A Radiological Analysis, Progr. Phys. 2007, v. 3, no. 1, 3-18. http://ptep-online.com/2007/PP-08-01.PDF D. Larson et al.,Comparing PLANCK and WMAP: Maps, spectra, and parameters, Astrophys. J. 2015, 801, 9. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10... G.E. Addison, et al., Quantifying discordance in the 2015 PLANCK CMB spectrum, Astrophys. J. 2016, 818, 132. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10... Hinshaw, et al., Three-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Temperature Analysis, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Series, 2003, 170, 288-334. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10... C. Barnes, et al., First Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Galactic Signal Contamination from Side Lobe Pickup, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Series, 2003, 148, 51-62. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10... Y. Akrami, et al., Power Asymmetry in WMAP and Planck Temperature Sky Maps as Measured by Local Variance Estimator, Astrophys. J. Lett. 2014, 784(L42), https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10... Cold Spot Discovery paper: M. Cruz, et al., Detection of a non-Gaussian Spot in WMAP, MNRAS 2005, 356(1), 29–40. https://arXiv:astro-ph/0405341 M. Cruz, et al, The non-Gaussian cold spot in Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe: significance, morphology and foreground contribution, MNRAS 2006, 369(1), 57–67. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/articl... Extragalactic radio sources and the WMAP cold spot L. Rudnick, et al., Extragalactic radio sources and the WMAP cold spot Astrophys. J. 2007 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10... A. Kovács, et al., The DES view of the Eridanus supervoid and the CMB cold spot, MNRAS, 2022, 510(1), 216–229. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3309 R. Mackenzie, et al, Evidence against a supervoid causing the CMB Cold Spot, MNRAS 2017, 470(2), 2328–2338. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/articl... C.H. Lineweaver, 7: Gold in the Doppler Hills: Cosmological Parameters in the Microwave Background, in “Quantum Fluctuations to Cosmological Structures”, ASP Conference Series 1997, v. 126, 185-205. https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1997A... N. Aghanim, et al., Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters, Astron. Astrophys. 2020, A6. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf... N. Aghanin, et al., Planck 2018 results. V. CMB power spectra and likelihoods, Astron. Astrophys. 2020, A5. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf... M. Birkinshaw, The Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Effect, Phys. Reports 1999, v. 310, 97-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-1573(98... https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9808050 J.E. Carlstrom, et al., Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 2002, v. 40, 643-680. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs... ABELL CLUSTER M. Douspis, Planck SZ Clusters, Société Française d’Astronomie et d’Astrophysique (SF2A) 2011. http://sf2a.eu/semaine-sf2a/2011/proc... https://sci.esa.int/web/planck/-/4769... Abe et al., Planck early results. VIII. The all-sky early Sunyaev-Zeldovich cluster sample, Astron. Astrophys. 2011, v. 536, A8. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf... K. S. Cover, Sky maps without anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background are a better fit to WMAP's uncalibrated time-ordered data than the official sky maps. Europhys. Lett., Volume 87, Number 6, 69003. https://robots.iopscience.iop.org/art... https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/09... All observational images and videos are credited to NASA unless otherwise specified. Images obtained by the SDO satellite are a courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams. Images obtained by the SOHO satellite are courtesy of SOHO (ESA & NASA). Link to Professor Robitaille’s papers on Vixra: http://vixra.org/author/pierre-marie_...

New Tired light
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228730621_Intrinsic_Plasma_Redshifts_Now_Reproduced_In_The_Laboratory-a_Discussion_in_Terms_of_New_Tired_Light

Electricity in space



Plasma Cosmology

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252990873_Editorial_Some_Initial_Thoughts_on

_Plasma_Cosmology

Foreword on Cosmic Magnetic Fields


In 2003 NASA published on its webpage forum: "Yes there are magnetic fields in space, but their strength depends on where you are... On the cosmological scale, there is no data to suggest that magnetic fields are present. They certainly are not important in the dynamics of the universe for any reasonable range of field strengths consistent with present observational constraints" (1). Few years later astronomers were surprised by the first direct measurement of nascent galaxy's magnetic fields allegedly 6.5 billion years ago (2).


  • Protogalaxy's magnetic field 10 times the strength of the Milky Way's (2).

  • Super-strong magnetic fields of 200 Million Gauss” around black holes (3). Magnetic fields confine the torus surrounding them (14).

  • Brown dwarfs have been found to have strong magnetic fields as 'real stars', and not only brown but Ultracool Dwarfs (4) (5).

  • Most of the visible matter in the Universe is ionized, so that cosmic magnetic fields are quite easy to generate. The Earth, the Sun, solar planets, stars, pulsars, the Milky Way, nearby galaxies, more distant (radio) galaxies, quasars and even intergalactic space in clusters of galaxies have significant magnetic fields. The large­scale structure of the Milky Way's magnetic field is still under debate. The only available explanation is a dynamo mechanism extrapolated from Earth, allowing diffuse ionized gas to become a "dynamically important magnetic field" (6).

"In spite of our increasing knowledge on magnetic fields, many important questions on the origin and evolution of magnetic fields, their first occurrence in young galaxies, or the existence of large­scale intergalactic fields remained unanswered".

  • Different magnetic fields in galaxies arms are credited to differential Faraday rotation and overlapping dynamos (7).

  • Orientation of magnetic fields within the Cat's Paw Nebula showed that direction was quite well preserved from large to small scales, implying that "self-gravity and cloud turbulence are not able to significantly alter the field direction" (8).

  • Ordered magnetic fields also exist between the clusters of galaxies ordered by Faraday rotation effect (9).

  • These large scale magnetic fields in galaxies and clusters are imputed to several supernova explosions (10), whose effects might last hundreds of thousands of years. However, explosions are chaotic events, so scientists had not expected them to generate a magnetic fields with an ORDERLY structure on a LARGE SCALE. "But this is exactly what they have now proved to be the case. The underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully understood" (10).

"The generally recognized assumption, that large galactic structures and large-scale flows are produced by the action of gravity ... is false" (11).

  • Coherent magnetic fields (waves with a constant phase shift), are detected in the Magellanic Cloud bridge, which was supposed to link both Magellanic Clouds with a filament of neutral hydrogen (12).

  • It's been argued that precession could have a major role in creating a dynamo causing the Earth's magnetic field, and there is a large spectacular experiment devised to prove it (15). Another try is that matter bulk flows may generate vorticity in plasmas to account for the magnetic fields.



 Sources/Citations 2022



Supposed "Black Holes"  

Some fascinating early papers from the early days of "black holes"

1. Annals of Mathematics V. 40, no. 4, p. 922, October, 1939 ON A STATIONARY SYSTEM WITH SPHERICAL SYMMETRY CONSISTING OF MANY GRAVITATING MASSES Albert Einstein http://link.springer.com/article/10.1... 2. Physical Review Letters, v. 56, no.5, p.455, September, 1939, ON 2. CONTINUED GRAVITATIONAL CONTRACTION J. R. Oppneheimer and H. Snyder http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v56/... 3. University of Chicago Press, 1965 GRAVITATION THEORY AND 3. GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE, B.K. Harrison, K.S. Thorne, M. Wakano and J.A. Wheeler http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965gtg... 4. Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 174(2) 253 262 (2013) IMPOSSIBILITY OF 4. GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE A.A. Logunov and M.A. Mestvirishvili http://link.springer.com/article/10.1... 5. Vintage Book 1992 THE BIG BANG NEVER HAPPENED Eric J. Lerner lpphysics.com


https://vixra.org/abs/2004.0569
Bekenstein-Hawking Black Hole Entropy, Hawking Temperature, and the Unruh Effect: Insight from the Laws of Thermodynamics – a Synopsis
Authors: Stephen J. Crothers, Pierre-Marie Robitaille
By Professor Donald Scott:
http://www.ptep-online.com/2018/PP-53-01.PDF




https://vixra.org/abs/1611.0050
Black Hole X-Ray Sources
Authors: Stephen J. Crothers

Irwin et al recently reported on ultra luminous X-ray bursts in two ultracompact companions to nearby elliptical galaxies NGC 4697 and NGC 5128 (sources 1 and 2 respectively). Although they discuss a number of possibilities, they favour neutron stars and black holes as the likely sources: "the sources appear to be normal accreting neutron-star or black-hole X-ray binaries". However, there is no possibility for black holes to be associated with these X-ray sources because the mathematical theory of black holes contains a latent violation of the rules of pure mathematics.


https://vixra.org/abs/1610.0214
Mathematical Theory of Black Holes – Its Infinite Equivalence Class
Authors: Stephen J. Crothers

There exists an infinite equivalence class of solutions for the equations Rμν = 0, thereby constituting all admissible 'transformations of coordinates'. If any element of this infinite equivalence class cannot be extended to produce a black hole then none can be extended to a black hole, owing to equivalence. No such element can be extended to produce a black hole. Consequently, the mathematical theory of black holes violates the rules of pure mathematics.


https://vixra.org/abs/1609.0272
Comment on the Black Hole in Markarian 1018

It has recently been reported in the journal 'Astronomy and Astrophysics' that the active galactic nucleus of Markarian 1018 has likely changed optical type due to the effects of a supermassive black hole or a binary system consisting of two such black holes. It is however impossible for any type or form of black hole to be involved with Mrk 1018 because the mathematical theory of black holes violates the rules of pure mathematics.
Reference: “Chandra large-scale mapping of the Galactic center: Probing high-energy structures around the central molecular zone” by Q. Daniel Wang, 27 April 2021, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab801
arXiv: 2010.02932

Refereed Papers

"Time resolved images from the center of the Galaxy appear to counter General Relativity", Dowdye, Jr., E.H.,  Astronomische Nachrichten, Volume 328, Issue 2, Date: February 2007, Pages: 186-191.  Published on-line at: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/search/allsearch Search under author: Dowdye

"Extinction Shift Principle: A Pure Classical Alternative to General and Special Relativity", Dowdye, Jr., E.H.,  Physics Essays, Volume 20, 56 (2007) (11 pages); DOI: 10.4006/1.3073809

Chandra enables study of x-ray jets
Daniel Schwartz
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA
PNAS April 20, 2010 107 (16) 7190-7195; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0913890107
Edited by Neta A. Bahcall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, and approved February 2, 2010 (received for review December 3, 2009)

  1. Lebach, D. E. et al.,  "Measurement of the Solar Gravitational Deflection of Radio Waves Using Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry ", Phys.Rev.Lett, 75 (1995), pp. 1439-1442

  2. Counselman, C.C. et al., "Solar Gravitational Deflection of Radio Waves Measured by Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry",  Phys.Rev.Lett. 33 (1974) 1621-1623

  3. Fomalont, E. B., et al., "Measurements of the Solar Gravitational Deflection of Radio Waves in Agreement with General Relativity", Phys.Rev.Lett. 36 (1976) 1475-1MeerKAT


Context notes on Plasma filaments

  • Sunspots are 2000 degrees while the photosphere is 5000. The dark cores in sunspots penumbra filaments cannot be explained then by a hot gas (19).

  • Binary stars are born and travel along elongated core structures of plasma (17). Anthony Peratt showed that electrical current-carrying filaments are parallel and they attract via the Biot-Savart force law, in pairs but sometimes three (18). This reduced the 56 filaments in his experiment over time to 28, hence the 56 and 28 fold symmetry patterns. There were ‘temporarily stable’ (longer state) durations at 42, 35, 28, 14, 7, and 4 filaments.

  • Herschel telescope taught us that stars are formed in beads inside plasma filaments (20).

  • Other scientists searched for warm/hot gas filamentary gas between pairs of luminous red galaxies and detectes a strong signal associated with galaxies' host halos (21).

  • Magnetic fields shape interstellar clouds reducing number of clumps , modifying the outcome of the formation process via magnetic braking (22).

  • Star formation filaments have standard sizes (23).

  • Plasma irregularities in the solar wind are plasmoids that differ from ideal Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic filaments (so they cannot be modelled by MHD) (24).

  • Fractal structure of cosmic plasma filaments, showing coaxial tubular structures named 'electric torch-like' (25). They are similar to vertically aligned plasma columns in Z-pinch electrical discharges.

  • Magnetic ropes connecting Earth to the Sun (26).

  • Magnetic ropes connecting Saturn to the Sun (27).

  • Magnetic reconnection between the magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn (28). Flux ropes travel through the solar system and cause solar storms (30).

  • Magnetic ropes in galaxies' halos (29).


Context notes on Cosmic jets and bubbles

  • Electric currents in astrophysical jets (41), even measured in Kilo-parsec jets (40).

  • Large scale Herbig-Haro Jets driven by brown dwarfs (42).

  • Reconnecting current sheets around black holes are responsible of X-ray emission in jets (43).

  • AGN jets carry currents (driven by Faraday rotation) with "preferred directions of the toroidal magnetic-fields". The formation of this magnetic field jets is suggested to be part of a "COSMIC BATTERY" (44).

  • It might be that "cosmic gas jets" are triggered by electrical discharges in spiral stellar nebulae (45).

  • Sun plasma jets, called spicules, form when churning plasma interacts with the magnetic fields, which get twisted up. Neutral and charged particles mix above the surface in a process called ambipolar diffusion (diffusion of positive and negative species with opposite electrical charge due to their interaction via an electric field), which creates an escape route for the building magnetic tension. Then, like a slingshot plasma is released (46).

  • Magnetic fields and z-pinch effects may cause collimation of astrophysical jets (47).

  • Same way that plasma filaments cannot be modelled by ideal MHD, jets cannot be accelerated by such processes. Non-ideal MHD effects (collision-less plasma) may "boost acceleration efficiency and power the jet emission" (48).

  • Mysterious alignments of super-massive black holes (accretion disks and relativistic jets) (49).

  • Plasmoids have been blamed for activity in AGNs and quasars emissions (50). At the same time plasmoid ejections are seen in solar flares and around black holes (51).

  • Supersonic plasma jets with temperatures of 10.000 degrees have been found high in the Earth's atmosphere (52).

  • Cosmic rays are emitted from Galactic Super-bubbles, similar to Fermi Bubbles (53). Gamma and X-ray emission has lots of theories but no explanation.

  • Bubbles arising from the centre of galaxies have Gamma rays at the edges (54).

  • Giant outflows at an angle of 60 degrees from Milky way centre, form lobes with ridge-structures that wind around the outflows like electric currents (55).


Pulsars


  • Ultraluminous X-ray (ULX) pulsars 10 times strongers than any known pulsar and 100 times over the Eddington Limit (maximum luminosity a body can achieve when there is balance between the force of radiation acting outward and the gravitational force acting inward) (56).

  • Another pulsar (NGC5907) has ULX 1000 times stronger than allowed (57). They are usually blamed to black holes, but due to his short periodicity (1.13 seconds) the source must be different origin.

  • Miliseconds X-ray pulsar (IGR J18245-2452 ) changes from emitting X-ray to radio frequencies (58). It might be explained by field-aligned current in surface/magnetosphere forming double layers (59).


Charged Planets

  • Runaway breakdown electrons in the atmosphere (61).

  • The Global Electric Circuit on Earth (62). Earth's crust holds a negative charge (68).

  • In the conventional model there is a maximum limit of accumulated charge, which is very far from the electric field observed in lightning (63). “Emission of X-rays and Gamma rays dissipates charge and prevents it from growing large enough to ionize air” (J. Dwyer) (64). Electric charge is already in the atmosphere (65) as the baloon experiments of Bering demonstrated (66).

  • Transient Luminous Events (TLE) such as Red Sprites, Blue jets, ELVES (Emission of Light and Very Low Frequency perturbations due to Electromagnetic Pulse Sources), gnomes rising towards the ionosphere (67).

  • EM forces in plasma accelerate charged particles, so that collisions among charged and neutral particles drag neutral air molecules (transfer. momentum). Detailed observation of arc discharges reveals that electric wind envelopes and precedes an electric arc (69).

  • Sun relation to climate (solar cycles, not only 11-22 years) and weather (70). It's being studied how electricity affects to geological phenomena (volcanism (71), earthquakes (72), storms (73)...).

  • It is not only happening in the Earth but in other moons/planets (74).

  • FAST WINDS in Jupiter (75), Venus (87), Uranus (76), Neptune (77) and Saturn (78). If wind is triggered by heating, why these far away planets have such tornadoes?

  • Lightning on Earth is modulated by solar wind (79).

  • Lightning on Venus (without water clouds) (80).

  • Connection ("ropes") between planets (Earth (26), Venus (81), Saturn (27), Jupiter (30)) and Sun. Electrostatic connection between Earth and Moon (107).

  • Hotspots at Saturn's poles (83).

  • Polar vortices (hurricanes) at Venus poles (84).

  • Dust storms in Mars (Devils 87), Titan (85), dust levitation, mobile dunes and magnetic storms in the Moon (86) with electrostatic deposition of sediments (106).

  • Slow rotation of planets (Saturn 89), (Jupiter 90), Venus (91), Earth (92)

  • Waterspouts on Earth behave like plasmas (93).

  • Plumes in planets (electric etching) (31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36).

  • Powerful unexplained auroras: heating the atmosphere in Saturn (95), in Jupiter (94), induced by electric fields in Venus (96), Mars (97), Uranus and Neptune (98), Io, Europa Ganymede and Callisto (100), Enceladus, Titan (101) and Triton (102) and even in rogue planets (99).

  • Remnant magnetic fields (Mars (104), Moon (105)) and induced magnetospheres (Titan and Venus) (103)

"Induced magnetospheres occur around planetary bodies that are electrically conducting or have substantial ionospheres, and are exposed to a time-varying external magnetic field. They can also occur where a flowing plasma encounters a mass-loading region in which ions are added to the flow" (103).

  • Electrical coupling of Saturn's atmosphere and rings (electric flow ions) (108)

  • Filamentation of volcanic plumes in Io (31). Plumes in Europa (32).

  • Unexplained plumes in Mars (34).

  • Plumes in Enceladus (35) are driven by an electrical circuit as acknowledged by NASA. The moon is a plasma source for Saturn.

  • Planetoids as Ceres, asteroids and comets with plumes (33) (36).

  • Charged particles detected in Titan's plasmasphere (37).

  • Magnetic flux ropes in Venus (38).



Comets

  • Comets explosions far away from the Sun (Wirtanen 1957 (110), ) or perihelions distances bigger than 0.5 AU (Biela-Lambert, Linear or West (111)) while other as Lovejoy approached the Sun 140.000 km without disintegrating (112).

  • Non-gravitational forces and erratic movements in comets (113). Same happens for asteroids which has been confirmed by NASA (134).

  • Cometary outbursts (67P Gerasimenko, Linear (114), Hale-Bopp (117), McNaught (117) or Holmes which became brighter that the Sun(116)), whose mechanisms are not understood. The most famous of all, however, was Comet Halley (117) with outbursts beyond Uranus' orbit.


  • Composition mineral mixture demonstrate that comets are fragments of rocky bodies.

  1. Odd composition of comet nucleus requires electrical processes. Pigeonite and olivine in Comet Wild-2 (118) and crystalline silicates in Hale-Bopp (118) which need high temperatures. Cubanite and pyrrhotite entail liquid water; however, same comet contains olivines which structure breaks if there is water (119). Additionally, pyrrhotite (iron ore) needs 200 degrees K to form and forsterite (magnesium) 750 C (120). This impossible mix of minerals proves comets were built either near the Sun or with different temperature, pressure conditions or under electrical discharges (lightning) (122). Phyllosilicates (sedimentary rock) were found on Ryugu (131). It's been stated that comets are "solid as rock" (123).

"The H2O gas production rates as a function of the heliocentric distance of Halley were retrieved from the fluorescent emission of OH" (124).

  • Water is electrochemically formed by Solar Wind bombardment:

  1. Only Hydronium ions OH- are spectroscopically detected in the coma (124). Water is dynamically formed there by proton bombarding from the solar wind (121). In comet Borelly or Linear only traces of water were found (125). A lot of volatiles [CO, CH3OH, H2CO, HCN, HNC, CS, H2S, CH3CN, SO and HNCO] and few water in Linear, McNaught, Hartley (125). Even in 67P Gerasimenko, publicized as the most important finding of water, they acknowledged that "was insufficient to explain out-gassing" (125).

  2. Comet jets are not driven by H2O but by CO2 (126). F. Anariba thinks water (and other elements) can be electrochemically created in comets (127).

  3. Since their composition lacks enough ice/water, sublimation cannot be blamed for explosions. Dust avalanches are hinted instead (115).

  4. Very little water in asteroid Ryugu (132). However, astronomers blame possible sublimation (133) when they observed scattered dust and non-uniform coma or jets activity (134).


  • Redistribution of charge in comets (128).

  • X-Rays and extreme UV are detected in sunward part of comet's comas (129). A magnetic field is required for that (129).

  • Magnetic bubbles (cavities) in comets and asteroids (130) and even small magnetic fields (130).


Craters and Geological features


  • Dichotomy in both sides of the Moon (136). The far side if heavily cratered and with no 'Maria'.

  • Dichotomies in Callisto and Ganymede (137). Very different evolution due to Late Heavy Bombardment.

  • Mars hemispheres dichotomy (138). Southern is cratered and 58 km in depth, while northern is flat and its crust is just 32 km.

  • According to 'Earth Impact Database' there are 190 confirmed craters on our planet, most of them being circular (139). Meteorites should have fallen almost totally vertical (within +-15 degrees). Probabilities are meaningless (152). The flour experiments of JPL Laboratory (NASA) show how inclined impacts produce oval craters (140). Electric fields are always perpendicular to surface (152). Comparing with experiments published in papers (142), and filmed in videos (141) (143) it is clear that Most Craters can be proven Electrically driven.

  • Polygonal craters (hexa, penta and other regular forms) are NOT explained by impacts. However, they have been created using electricity (144).

  • Aligned craters in the Moon, Mars, Mercury, Pluto, Ganymede, Callisto and even Phobos! (145). Did meteorites fragmented just previous to impact in all such little bodies with no atmosphere? Unlikely.

  • Craters with central peaks: these are generally explained as bounces of liquid material. It's hard to explain the secondary craters right in the centre of the peaks (several km high some) (146).

  • Bull-eye craters: concentric (Robin Hood) and highly unlikely by impact. Sometimes there are groups up to 4 rings (147).

  • Rampart craters: at elevations over the surrounding terrain and surrounded by a moat. It's well explained by EDM (Electrical Machining). They are huge fulgamites. (148)

  • Spherules: created by arc discharges in experiments. (Mars, Venus and Saturn) (149).

  • Rilles (estuaries, canals): they are said to be "sunken lava tubes", but there are NO visible remains. They have vertical walls (Luna, Valles Marineris) and several rilles crater chains following the shape. They are longer than volcanic tubes on Earth (150).

  • There are 'Mixed craters' (lightning embankment) such as Tycho, Copernicus, Aristarchus, Eratosthenes and Ptolemy. Electrical erosion and fusion is a characteristic of electric craters (151) .

  • Fusion and vitrification are characteristic of electric arc discharges (155). It is believed that it can produced by impacts, but the heat dissipates too quickly. The heat transfer in the rock takes a large span approximately 21 mm/min in limestone (154).

  • Some of the alleged 'impact craters' hare humongous: Rheasilvia (90% of Vesta), Aitken (70% of Moon, Veneneia 70% of Vesta, Odysseus (42% of Tethys), Turgis (40% of Iapetus), Herschel (35% of Mimas), Evander (34% of Dione), Caloris (32% of Mercury), Yalode (28% of Ceres), Tirawa (24% of Rhea), Gertrude (21% of Titania), Dorothy (21% Charon), Stickney (around 17% of Phobos), Rembrandt (15% Mercury), Chicxulub (1.4% of Earth) (162). And little moons were not destroyed by the impacts!


"Despite the enormous size of the Valles Marineris chasm on Mars, the mechanism responsible for the formation of these unique troughs remains unknown" (156).

  • Olympus Mons formation is another colossal mystery (157), especially the scarp where it is located and the surrounding ridges and ravines.

  • Density anomalies in Mars (158) especially in equatorial regions. Same could be said about density of comets, which we've seen are not made of ice (163).

  • Filamentary network of "valles" in Venus (159). Lightning in high pressure gas causes this type of Lichtenberg Patterns (160). At low atmospheric pressure cratering is common (161).

Redshift anomalies/quasars:


E. Zackrisson, On quasar host galaxies as tests of non-cosmological redshifts, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 359, Issue 3, May 2005, Pages 1193–1200, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08989.x

Burbidge, Geoffrey. (2001). Noncosmological Redshifts. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 113. 899-902. 10.1086/322152. 


Research on candidates for non-cosmological redshifts

(Abridged:) The paradox of apparent optical associations of galaxies with very different redshifts, the so-called anomalous redshift problem, is around 35 years old, but is still without a clear solution and is surprisingly ignored by most of the astronomical community... MORE


On quasar host galaxies as tests of non-cosmological redshifts
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08989.x
Authors:
E. Zackrisson
E. ZackrissonAbstractDespite a general consensus in the astronomical 
community that all quasars are located at the distances implied by their 
redshifts, a number of observations still challenge this interpretation, 
possibly indicating that some subpopulation of quasars may harbour 
significant redshift components not related to the expansion of the Universe. 
It has been suggested that these objects may have been ejected from local 
galaxies and are likely to evolve into new galaxies themselves. 
Here, a test of such exotic scenarios is proposed

A study of absorption redshifts of quasars

  • September 2005
Authors:
H. T. Liu at Chinese Academy of Sciences
H. T. Liu

Study of Possible Local Quasars I: The First Sample

DOI:10.2174/1874381101104010014
Authors:
K. P. Panov
K. P. Panov

Thousands more anomalous galaxy & quasar cases can be found at Arps revised database at Caltech: http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Arp/frames.html











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(66) Bering baloons http://www.wwlln.org/publications/Adv.Sp.Res.05.pdf

(67) Electrodynamics of sprites https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2001GL013267

https://www.albany.edu/faculty/rgk/atm101/sprite.htm

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12261-y

(68) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325761785_On_the_Negatively_Charged_Layer_of_the_Earth's_Electric_Field (69) Electric Wind https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02766-9

(70) http://faculty.fgcu.edu/twimberley/EnviroPol/EnviroPhilo/ReallyKnow.pdf

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02877737 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364682698001138

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/178119/pdf

http://109.205.171.104/~thomas/eth/7_semester/large-scale_climate_variability_WS_2006_2007/unterlagen/edit/carslaw_cosmicrays_clouds.pdf

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.522.585&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Lightning Discharges, Cosmic Rays and Climate https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10712-018-9469-z

https://www.inscribepublications.com/Uploads/Paper/6df921e4-e751-4817-b042-7ab7bbcf94dc3.pdf


(71) Volcanoes https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC124234/

https://jopss.jaea.go.jp/search/servlet/search?5019587&language=1

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1342937X10001966

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234022172_Explosive_volcanic_eruptions_triggered_by_cosmic_rays_Volcano_as_a_bubble_chamber

(72) https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.02300

https://www.livescience.com/43686-earthquake-lights-possible-cause.html

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040195106004963

(73) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316273033_Severe_Convective_Storms_and_Tornadoes Electrical theory of tornadoes https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/JZ065i001p00203 An apparent ionospheric response to the passage of hurricanes https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/JZ063i001p00265

(74) Io https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/67751.pdf

Volcanic electrification in Venus, Mars, Io, Moon, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione and Triton

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11214-008-9362-z

Tita and Enceladus https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10686-008-9103-z


76) https://www.space.com/21157-uranus-neptune-winds-revealed.html

http://www.sun.org/uranus

(77) https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11349 https://nineplanets.org/neptune/

(78) https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/whycassini/planet.html

http://www.iki.rssi.ru/solar/eng/saturn.htm

(79) https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/9/5/055004

(80) Lightning on Venus https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240415489_Venus_lightning_Comparison_with_terrestrial_lightning

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/09/100922183006.htm

(81) https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2012GL054236

(82) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Eduard_Dubinin/publication/277701565_Magnetotails_of_Mars_and_Venus/links/5c06aa0a299bf169ae31740a/Magnetotails-of-Mars-and-Venus.pdf

(83) https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/saturn-020305.html

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00317887/

(84) https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1764 https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2008GL036093

(85) https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cassini-Huygens/Dust_storms_on_Titan_spotted_by_Cassini_for_the_first_time

(86) https://www.sciencealert.com/nasa-just-explained-why-moon-dust-is-levitating-above-the-lunar-surface https://www.nasa.gov/topics/moonmars/features/magnetotail_080416.html

(87) https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2003JE002088

http://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Venus_Express/The_fast_winds_of_Venus_are_getting_faster

(88) https://science.sciencemag.org/content/205/4401/85

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/GL008i012p01265

(89) https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/12266/scientists-find-that-saturns-rotation-period-is-a-puzzle/

(90) https://aasnova.org/2019/09/06/why-are-jupiter-and-saturn-spinning-so-slowly/

https://www.quora.com/If-Jupiters-rotation-slowed-by-1-over-some-duration-of-time-what-would-happen Ganymede, Europa and Callisto moving slightly away from Jupiter https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tim_Van_Hoolst/publication/26301185_Strong_tidal_dissipation_in_Io_and_Jupiter_from_astrometric_observations/links/00b7d5203e61f5a1a0000000.pdf


(91) https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-25679-5_5

sidereal day lengthened by 6.5 https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/2/120214-venus-planets-slower-spin-esa-space-science/

https://sci.esa.int/web/venus-express/-/54064-3-spinning-venus-is-slowing-down

(92) http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1939MNRAS..99..541S

(93) Waterspout as a special type of atmospheric aerosol dusty plasma V. Rantsev-Kartinov https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004APS..DPPRO2005R/abstract

(94) https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/jupiter-s-aurora-presents-a-powerful-mystery

https://eos.org/research-spotlights/can-large-electric-fields-power-jupiters-x-ray-auroras

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/94JA01005

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2004JA010717

(95) https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/data-from-nasas-cassini-may-explain-saturns-atmospheric-mystery https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03333

(96) https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/GL008i012p01273

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/95JA01853

(97) https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6261/aad0313

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-70943-7_13

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0032063307003893

(98) https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/GL017i010p01677@10.1002/(ISSN)1944-8007.NEPTVOY1 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1984NASCP2330..497H

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027311770000096X

(99) https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4365/aac2d5

(100) Io https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2008JA013968

Ganymede https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jgra.50122

Europa https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/4531/1/clarke_nature_2002.pdf

Callisto https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JA024791


(101) Enceladus https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0bdf/01945cdb5b96defe15a25fdd9444a4ea101c.pdf

Titan http://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/PSF12/Event/181268

(102) Triton Aurora https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/GL016i007p00767

(103) Induced magnetosphere Titan https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/JA087iA03p01369%4010.1002/%28ISSN%292169-9402.TITAN2 https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.3729

Induced magnetosphere Venus https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19680025306.pdf

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273117704000158

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11214-009-9581-y

(104) Mars remnant magnetic field https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0010952517040025

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11430-012-4510-4

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-59381-9_14

(105) Moon remnant magnetic field https://www.nature.com/articles/253701a0

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/346/6214/1246753

Solar wind electrons reflected by lunar electric and magnetic fields https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11430-011-4211-4

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1974LPI.....5...18A https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2015GL063943

(106) https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070129/full/070129-16.html

(107) https://www.nasa.gov/topics/moonmars/features/magnetotail_080416.html

(108) https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/12/171212141748.htm

(109)

(110) Comet Wirtanen http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1968BAICz..19..153S


  • Electric Space, an exhibition developed by the Space Science Institute, together with the Franklin Institute Science Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Association of Science and Technology Centers (ASTC) with funding from the Informal Science Education Program of the National Science Foundation’s Education and Human Resources Directorate, and NASA’s Space Physics Division.

General electricity in space

Solar system electricity

Solar electricity

Mars electricity

Saturn Electricity

Jupiter electricity

Comets

12/1975

Extra-solar electricity

Pulsars

Redshift and quasars

Binary stars

  • Wu, Kinwah; Cropper, Mark; Ramsay, Gavin; Sekiguchi, Kazuhiro, “An electrically powered binary star?“, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 331, Issue 1, pp. 221-227

Interstellar currents

Extragalactic jets

Intergalactic currents

Terrestrial electricity


















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