Footage from the Pentagon Parking lot from September 11, 2001, finally released. Frames have without doubt been removed; this is clear despite the poor quality of the recording. Despite all of this chicanery, it still seems clear that whatever hit the Pentagon was not a commercial airliner.
IT'S ALL PERCEPTION *GLOBALISATION*(CON)SENSUS SCIENCE*GEOPOLITICS*SPIN*HISTORY*ECONOMICS*
9/11: Footage From The Pentagon Parking Lot Released
Footage from the Pentagon Parking lot from September 11, 2001, finally released. Frames have without doubt been removed; this is clear despite the poor quality of the recording. Despite all of this chicanery, it still seems clear that whatever hit the Pentagon was not a commercial airliner.
In times of universal deceit, truth is a crime. Censorship should be banned.
Who and what are you not able to openly criticise? Thats who Id like to hear about. Fact checking is propaganda by the very nature of the act.
The Real Reason The West Hates Putin Will Surprise Most People
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During the 20th Century the Soviet Union produced many significant social and technological achievements and many innovations. Soviet military technology in some areas, particularly defense systems like the Soviet S300 (which STILL outperform the latest U.S. Patriot ground to air system by some margin) were coveted worldwide. It also had the world's second-largest economy, By 1970, the Soviet economy had reached its zenith and was estimated at 60 percent of the size of the United States in terms of the estimated commodities (like steel and coal). Its oil and gas reserves were, and still are, vast, with certain sectors unmatched globally.
The Soviet Armed Forces comprised the largest standing military in the world. An NPT designated state, it possessed the largest arsenal of nuclear weapons in the world, a statistical title that Russia still holds today.
In times of universal deceit, truth is a crime. Censorship should be banned.
Who and what are you not able to openly criticise? Thats who Id like to hear about. Fact checking is propaganda by the very nature of the act.
In Defence Of The Electric Universe
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| Electricity in space means electromagnetism must join gravity to replace the failing Standard Model |
- Despite the Universe being filled with radiation which ionizes all the gas out there to the state of plasma (even if only 1% ionized plasma conducts), Plasma has the charged particles to some degree liberated from the usual stable atomic state so to some degree made up of charged particles, in ions and electrons. Groups of flowing charged particles always result in an electric current with a magnetic field around it. Only electric current produces magnetic fields, hence the term "electromagnetism". Remember that there are no electric currents in space – but there are however magnetic fields oddly enough, they are EVERYWHERE and their origin is an enduring mystery which nobody has ever been able to solve.
- The Solar Wind is charged particles. They move against the suns gravity and keep accelerating beyond the orbit of Neptune in the suns vast field, the same way we accelerate charged particles on earth in our colliders, using magnetic fields. Coincidently. the Definition of Electric Current is moving charged particles; therefore, apart from near the planets, no electric current is present in the solar system, just moving charge and magnetic fields....
- We use electricity to produce radio waves, microwaves, visible light, X-rays and Gamma Rays on Earth. All of these are found in space, each created by different and borderline supernatural sources since no electric current can exist in space.
- Charged particles from the sun interact with our ionosphere to form very specific Birkeland Currents called Aurora. MOVING charged particles arrive from the sun in the solar wind which we measure, and thus far cannot find any evidence of electric current in space.
So far, we have only dipped our toe into these waters, new data is coming in literally every day supporting EU principles and getting standard model proponents to contemplate starting from scratch because every other new observation "breaks science" (Actually science is fine, it's their model being falsified on a weekly basis that breaks their hearts and channels denial based scorn into the competition through projection) a book covering this topic would practically write itself!
Click HERE for this site's homepage.
A full list of sources and citations for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Cosmology, Particle Physics and Theoretical Physics can be found HERE. If you are curious and want an extensive database of scientifically rigorous alternatives to the tired collapsing current dogma, then you are in luck.
In times of universal deceit, truth is a crime. Censorship should be banned.
Who and what are you not able to openly criticise? Thats who Id like to hear about. Fact checking is propaganda by the very nature of the act.
Dramatic Shift in Global Power Balance
In times of universal deceit, truth is a crime. Censorship should be banned.
Who and what are you not able to openly criticise? Thats who Id like to hear about. Fact checking is propaganda by the very nature of the act.
The 25 Most Cited Think Tanks
From Most cited (at the top) to position 25. Each organization on this list has considerable power and influence. This power is wielded principally in an "under the radar" fashion.
| 1 | Brookings Institution Major Washington think tank |
| 2 | Council on Foreign Relations US foreign policy think tank |
| 3 | American Enterprise Institute Largest neoconservative think tank |
| 4 | The Heritage Foundation Conservative think tank |
| 5 | Center for Strategic and International Studies Foreign policy think tank founded 1962. |
| 6 | RAND Corporation Nonprofit global policy think tank |
| 7 | KFF Non-profit focuses on major national health care issues, as well as U.S. role in global health policy |
| 8 | Center for American Progress Democratic insider think tank started by former Clinton administration official John Podesta |
| 9 | Cato Institute Libertarian think tank based in Washington, DC |
| 10 | Urban Institute Public policy think tank; economic and social policy research |
| 11 | Hoover Institution Conservative think tank at Stanford |
| 12 | Manhattan Institute conservative think tank |
| 13 | New America Centrist Think Tank |
| 14 | Economic Policy Institute The Economic Policy Institute, a nonprofit Washington D.C. think tank. |
| 15 | Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |
| 16 | The Carter Center human rights organization based in Atlanta founded by former President Jimmy Carter |
| 17 | Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Elite foreign policy research and discussion organization |
| 18 | Lexington Institute Conservative / libertarian think tank |
| 19 | Public Policy Institute of California The Public Policy Institute of California (PPIC) is dedicated to informing and improving public policy in California. |
| 20 | University of Virginia Center for Politics The Center for Politics was founded in 1998 by Larry J. Sabato at the University of Virginia. |
| 21 | The Washington Institute for Near East Policy American pro-Israel think tank based in Washington, DC |
| 22 | Center on Budget and Policy Priorities Liberal policy organization specializing in federal budget issues from a low-income perspective. |
| 23 | Inter-American Dialogue U.S. center for policy analysis, exchange, and communication on issues in Western Hemisphere affairs. |
| 24 | The Aspen Institute Elite policy discussion group |
| 25 | Center for Economic and Policy Research The Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR) was established in 1999 to promote democratic debate on the most important economic and social issues that affect people's lives. |
In times of universal deceit, truth is a crime. Censorship should be banned.
Who and what are you not able to openly criticise? Thats who Id like to hear about. Fact checking is propaganda by the very nature of the act.
Israeli Settler Property Trends VS Palestine Trends for 2024
In times of universal deceit, truth is a crime. Censorship should be banned.
Who and what are you not able to openly criticise? Thats who Id like to hear about. Fact checking is propaganda by the very nature of the act.
Russia Discovers World's Largest Oil Reserves
If you think the geopolitical landscape is a total mess at the moment, you won't get too many objections from me. Last century there was a war over the Falklands between Argentina and Britain, and there remain background tensions that we don't hear much about. It may surprise people to learn that two nations went to war over an island with about 3000 British Citizens living on it, but it will make more sense one you discover how near Argentina they are, and how near to Antarctica too.
The penny will drop when you are reminded that the international treaty preventing a nation using its claims being prospected in antarctica comes to an end in 2048, and the Argentinian (now British) claim sits on enough oil to make a nation the next Saudi Arabia.
Furthermore, over the last 25 years most global volatility has instead been as a result of about ten key factors.
Five of these could have a case made as five variations on one theme:
- Strategic oil and gas reserves/pipelines
- Tension between Russia and the West/NATO.
- The Rise of BRICS and the future of the USD as reserve currency.
- Petrodollar hegemony. With regard to the above, the use of USD international trade is driving up foreign USD demand & particularly the energy sector since oil is by far the largest traded commodity.
- Russia and China have moved to trading in local currencies and look to expand this, particularly in the long term with new BRICS member Saudi Arabia. (The Saudi's are already combining their OPEC weight with Russia for strategic expediency and could conceivably corner the market)
assimilation over. This blog is that diary, so have a read and file it somewhere in your mind, its not likely to be all over the headlines.
In times of universal deceit, truth is a crime. Censorship should be banned.
Who and what are you not able to openly criticise? Thats who Id like to hear about. Fact checking is propaganda by the very nature of the act.
The Suns Connection To Its Birkeland Current
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| Our stars connection to the galactic current sheet is most evident during an eclipse |
NB* Professor Scott's mathematical model of a Birkeland Current.
Sources for Astronomy, Cosmology and Astrophysics can be found HERE
(And Below)
Click HERE for the Homepage
___________________________________________________________________________________
The fact that there could be a mix-up between spectrum lines for elements/molecular and lines in air with chemistry vs vacuum vs in denser plasmas with micro fields changes everything. Astrophysicists have no idea what is going on in the sun. They use purely physics, no chemistry, and their model treats the sun as an ideal gas not dense enough for chemistry despite acknowledging the magnetic fields everywhere, they treat it as a mysteriously magnetized gas.The Chromosphere & Second Solar Spectrum: Monitoring the Chemical Playground of the Sun!Is the Sun a Gas? The Standard Solar Model Explained!Is the Corona at MILLIONS of degrees?J.S. Ames, The Spectrum Researches of Professor J.M. Eder and E. Vallenta, Astrophys. J. 1895, 1, 443-446.M. Saha, Ionization of the Solar Chromosphere, Phil. Mag. 1920, 40, 479-488.J.A. Anderson, The Vacuum Spark Spectrum of Calcium, Astrophys. J. 1924, 59, 76-96. https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1924A...
C.M. Olmstead, Sun-Spot Bands Which Appear in the Spectrum of a Calcium Arc Burning in the Presence of Hydrogen, Astrophys. J., 1908, 27, 66-69. https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1908A...A.V. Demura, Physical Models of Plasma Microfield, Int. J. Spectros. 2010, 671073, pp42. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijs/...
H. Zirin, The mystery of the chromosphere. Solar Phys., 1996, v. 169,
G. Tsiropoula G., et al. Solar fine-scale structures I. Spicules and other small-scale, jet-like events at the chromospheric level: Observations and physical parameters. Space Sci. Rev. 2012, 169, 181–244.
P.M. Robitaille, The Liquid Metallic Hydrogen Model of the Sun and the Solar Atmosphere IV. On the Nature of the Chromosphere, Progress Phys. 2013, 3, L15-L21. http://www.ptep-online.com/2013/PP-34...
D. Nield, How Paint and a Speaker Could Explain The Physics of The Sun's Plasma Jets, March 13, 2022.
Spicules in H-AlphaCredit: Big Bear Solar Observatoryλ
J.O. Stenflo and C.U. Keller, New Window for Spectroscopy, Nature 1996, 382(6592), 588.
J.O. Stenflo and C.U. Keller, The Second Solar Spectrum. A new window for diagnostics of the Sun, Astro. Astrophysics 1997, 321, 927-934.
J.O. Stenflo et al., Anomalous polarization effects due to coherent scattering on the Sun. Astron. Astrophys. 2000, 355 789-803.
J.O. Stenflo, Polarization of the Sun’s continuous spectrum, A & A, 2005, 429, 713-730. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf...
P.M. Robitaille, Polarized Light from the Sun: Unification of the Corona and Analysis of the Second Solar Spectrum – Further implications of a Liquid Metallic Hydrogen Solar Model, Progr. Phys. 2015, 11(3), 236-245.
Second Solar SpectrumA.M. Gandorfer, High Resolution Atlas of the Second Solar Spectrum, Istituto ricerche solari Aldo e Cele Daccò, Locarno.
NIST Atomic Spectra Database Lines Form
NIST lines dataSolar Fraunhofer Spectrum with assignmentsDigital Fraunhofer SpectrumSolar abundance data
2022 Geology/ cratersRobert Hawthorne Jr.
Professor Scott's mathematical model of a Birkeland Current.
NASA (Birkeland Currents)
Fujii, R.; Iijima, T.; Potemra, T. A.; Sugiura, M.
1981-01-01
Seasonal variations of large-scale Birkeland currents are examined in a study of the source mechanisms and the closure of the three-dimensional current systems in the ionosphere. Vector magnetic field data acquired by the TRIAD satellite in the Northern Hemisphere were analyzed for the statistics of single sheet and double sheet Birkeland currents during 555 passes during the summer and 408 passes during the winter. The single sheet currents are observed more frequently in the dayside of the auroral zone, and more often in summer than in winter. The intensities of both the single and double dayside currents are found to be greater in the summer than in the winter by a factor of two, while the intensities of the double sheet Birkeland currents on the nightside do not show a significant difference from summer to winter. Both the single and double sheet currents are found at higher latitudes in the summer than in the winter on the dayside. Results suggest that the Birkeland current intensities are controlled by the ionospheric conductivity in the polar region, and that the currents close via the polar cap when the conductivity there is sufficiently high. It is also concluded that an important source of these currents must be a voltage generator in the magnetosphere.
High altitude observations of Birkeland currents
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Russell, C. T.
1977-01-01
Several models of field-aligned currents (Birkeland currents) in the magnetosphere are discussed, and high altitude observations of these currents, carried out with the aid of highly eccentric earth-orbiting spacecraft of the OGO and IMP series, are reviewed. The essential roles of Birkeland currents are identified: they relieve charge imbalances, transmit stresses, and lead to particle acceleration anomalous resistivity.
The effect of Birkeland currents on magnetic field topology
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Peroomian, Vahe; Lyons, Larry R.; Schulz, Michael
1996-01-01
A technique was developed for the inclusion of large scale magnetospheric current systems in magnetic field models. The region 1 and 2 Birkeland current systems are included in the source surface model of the terrestrial magnetosphere. The region 1 and 2 Birkeland currents are placed in the model using a series of field aligned, infinitely thin wire segments. The normal component of the magnetic field from these currents is calculated on the surface of the magnetopause and shielded using image current carrying wires placed outside of the magnetosphere. It is found that the inclusion of the Birkeland currents in the model results in a northward magnetic field in the near-midnight tail, leading to the closure of previously open flux in the tail, and a southward magnetic field in the flanks. A sunward shift in the separatrix is observed.
Ionospheric and Birkeland current distributions inferred from the MAGSAT magnetometer data
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Zanetti, L. J.; Potemra, T. A.; Baumjohann, W.
1983-01-01
Ionospheric and field-aligned sheet current density distributions are presently inferred by means of MAGSAT vector magnetometer data, together with an accurate magnetic field model. By comparing Hall current densities inferred from the MAGSAT data and those inferred from simultaneously recorded ground based data acquired by the Scandinavian magnetometer array, it is determined that the former have previously been underestimated due to high damping of magnetic variations with high spatial wave numbers between the ionosphere and the MAGSAT orbit. Among important results of this study is noted the fact that the Birkeland and electrojet current systems are colocated. The analyses have shown a tendency for triangular rather than constant electrojet current distributions as a function of latitude, consistent with the statistical, uniform regions 1 and 2 Birkeland current patterns.
Anderson, B. J.; Korth, H.; Waters, C. L.; ...
2014-05-07
The Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment uses magnetic field data from the Iridium constellation to derive the global Birkeland current distribution every 10 min. We examine cases in which the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) rotated from northward to southward resulting in onsets of the Birkeland currents. Dayside Region 1/2 currents, totaling ~25% of the final current, appear within 20 min of the IMF southward turning and remain steady. In the onset of nightside currents occurs 40 to 70 min after the dayside currents appear. Afterwards, the currents intensify at dawn, dusk, and on the dayside, yielding a fullymore » formed Region 1/2 system ~30 min after the nightside onset. Our results imply that the dayside Birkeland currents are driven by magnetopause reconnection, and the remainder of the system forms as magnetospheric return flows start and progress sunward, ultimately closing the Dungey convection cycle.« less
The relationship of total Birkeland currents to the merging electric field
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Bythrow, P. F.; Potemra, T. A.
1983-01-01
Magsat data were used to examine the behavior of Birkeland currents during 1100-2000 UT in consecutive orbits passing near the dawn-dusk meridian. The field was measured with a three-axis fluxgate instrument with a resolution of within 0.5 nT, with the sampling occurring every 1/16th sec. A total of 32 crossings of the Northern Hemisphere auroral zone were available for analysis. The changes in the magnetic readings were correlated more closely with variation in the IMF parameters than to the latitudinal width of the changes. Evidence was found for a relationship between the reconnection electric field and the intensity of the large-scale Birkeland current system. The total conductance of the auroral zone was calculated to be about 18.7 mhos.
Ionospheric convection inferred from interplanetary magnetic field-dependent Birkeland currents
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Rasmussen, C. E.; Schunk, R. W.
1988-01-01
Computer simulations of ionospheric convection have been performed, combining empirical models of Birkeland currents with a model of ionospheric conductivity in order to investigate IMF-dependent convection characteristics. Birkeland currents representing conditions in the northern polar cap of the negative IMF By component are used. Two possibilities are considered: (1) the morning cell shifting into the polar cap as the IMF turns northward, and this cell and a distorted evening cell providing for sunward flow in the polar cap; and (2) the existence of a three-cell pattern when the IMF is strongly northward.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Coxon, John C.; Rae, I. Jonathan; Forsyth, Colin; Jackman, Caitriona M.; Fear, Robert C.; Anderson, Brian J.
2017-06-01
We conduct a superposed epoch analysis of Birkeland current densities from AMPERE (Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment) using isolated substorm expansion phase onsets identified by an independently derived data set. In order to evaluate whether R1 and R2 currents contribute to the substorm current wedge, we rotate global maps of Birkeland currents into a common coordinate system centered on the magnetic local time of substorm onset. When the latitude of substorm is taken into account, it is clear that both R1 and R2 current systems play a role in substorm onset, contrary to previous studies which found that R2 current did not contribute. The latitude of substorm onset is colocated with the interface between R1 and R2 currents, allowing us to infer that R1 current closes just tailward and R2 current closes just earthward of the associated current disruption in the tail. AMPERE is the first data set to give near-instantaneous measurements of Birkeland current across the whole polar cap, and this study addresses apparent discrepancies in previous studies which have used AMPERE to examine the morphology of the substorm current wedge. Finally, we present evidence for an extremely localized reduction in current density immediately prior to substorm onset, and we interpret this as the first statistical signature of auroral dimming in Birkeland current.
Relationship between Birkeland current regions, particle precipitation, and electric fields
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
De La Beaujardiere, O.; Watermann, J.; Newell, P.; Rich, F.
1993-01-01
The relationship of the large-scale dayside Birkeland currents to large-scale particle precipitation patterns, currents, and convection is examined using DMSP and Sondrestrom radar observations. It is found that the local time of the mantle currents is not limited to the longitude of the cusp proper, but covers a larger local time extent. The mantle currents flow entirely on open field lines. About half of region 1 currents flow on open field lines, consistent with the assumption that the region 1 currents are generated by the solar wind dynamo and flow within the surface that separates open and closed field lines. More than 80 percent of the Birkeland current boundaries do not correspond to particle precipitation boundaries. Region 2 currents extend beyond the plasma sheet poleward boundary; region 1 currents flow in part on open field lines; mantle currents and mantle particles are not coincident. On most passes when a triple current sheet is observed, the convection reversal is located on closed field lines.
Upward electron beams measured by DE-1 - A primary source of dayside region-1 Birkeland currents
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Burch, J. L.; Reiff, P. H.; Sugiura, M.
1983-01-01
Measurements made by the High Altitude Plasma Instrument on DE-1 have shown that intense upward electron beams with energies from about 20 eV to about 200 eV are a common feature of the region just equatorward of the morning-side polar cusp. Computations of the currents carried by these beams and by the precipitating cusp electrons show excellent agreement with the simultaneous DE-1 magnetometer measurements for both upward and downward Birkeland currents. The data indicate that cold ionospheric electrons, which carry the downward region-1 Birkeland currents on the morning side, are accelerated upward by potential drops of a few tens of eV at altitudes of several thousand kilometers. This acceleration process allows spacecraft above those altitudes to measure routinely the charge carriers of both downward and upward current systems.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Anderson, Brian J.; Korth, Haje; Welling, Daniel T.; Merkin, Viacheslav G.; Wiltberger, Michael J.; Raeder, Joachim; Barnes, Robin J.; Waters, Colin L.; Pulkkinen, Antti A.; Rastaetter, Lutz
2017-02-01
Two of the geomagnetic storms for the Space Weather Prediction Center Geospace Environment Modeling challenge occurred after data were first acquired by the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE). We compare Birkeland currents from AMPERE with predictions from four models for the 4-5 April 2010 and 5-6 August 2011 storms. The four models are the Weimer (2005b) field-aligned current statistical model, the Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation, the Open Global Geospace Circulation Model MHD simulation, and the Space Weather Modeling Framework MHD simulation. The MHD simulations were run as described in Pulkkinen et al. (2013) and the results obtained from the Community Coordinated Modeling Center. The total radial Birkeland current, ITotal, and the distribution of radial current density, Jr, for all models are compared with AMPERE results. While the total currents are well correlated, the quantitative agreement varies considerably. The Jr distributions reveal discrepancies between the models and observations related to the latitude distribution, morphologies, and lack of nightside current systems in the models. The results motivate enhancing the simulations first by increasing the simulation resolution and then by examining the relative merits of implementing more sophisticated ionospheric conductance models, including ionospheric outflows or other omitted physical processes. Some aspects of the system, including substorm timing and location, may remain challenging to simulate, implying a continuing need for real-time specification.
Dominant modes of variability in large-scale Birkeland currents
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cousins, E. D. P.; Matsuo, Tomoko; Richmond, A. D.; Anderson, B. J.
2015-08-01
Properties of variability in large-scale Birkeland currents are investigated through empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of 1 week of data from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE). Mean distributions and dominant modes of variability are identified for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Differences in the results from the two hemispheres are observed, which are attributed to seasonal differences in conductivity (the study period occurred near solstice). A universal mean and set of dominant modes of variability are obtained through combining the hemispheric results, and it is found that the mean and first three modes of variability (EOFs) account for 38% of the total observed squared magnetic perturbations (δB2) from both hemispheres. The mean distribution represents a standard Region 1/Region 2 (R1/R2) morphology of currents and EOF 1 captures the strengthening/weakening of the average distribution and is well correlated with the north-south component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). EOF 2 captures a mixture of effects including the expansion/contraction and rotation of the (R1/R2) currents; this mode correlates only weakly with possible external driving parameters. EOF 3 captures changes in the morphology of the currents in the dayside cusp region and is well correlated with the dawn-dusk component of the IMF. The higher-order EOFs capture more complex, smaller-scale variations in the Birkeland currents and appear generally uncorrelated with external driving parameters. The results of the EOF analysis described here are used for describing error covariance in a data assimilation procedure utilizing AMPERE data, as described in a companion paper.
Kristian Birkeland - The man and the scientist
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Egeland, A.
1984-01-01
A review is presented of Birkeland's outstanding contributions to auroral theory and, in particular, to the foundation of modern magnetospheric physics. Birkeland's first years in research, after a study of mathematics and theoretical physics at the university, were concerned with Maxwell's theory, the investigation of electromagnetic waves in conductors, wave propagation in space, an energy transfer by means of electromagnetic waves, and a general expression for the Poynting vector. Experiments with cathode rays near a magnet in 1895, led Birkeland to the development of an auroral theory. This theory represented the first detailed, realistic explanation of the creation of an aurora. Attention is given to experiments conducted to verify the theory, the discovery of the polar elementary storm, and the deduction of auroral electric currents. Birkeland's background and education is also considered along with his personality.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gustafsson, G.; Potemra, T. A.; Favin, S.; Saflekos, N. A.
1981-10-01
Principal oscillations of the TRIAD satellite are studied in 150 passes and are identified as the librations of a gravity-stabilized satellite. The libration periods are T(O)/2 and T(O)/(3) exp 1/2, where T(O) is the orbit period of about 100 min. The amplitude and phase change over periods of a few days, sometimes vanishing altogether, and these attitude changes are numerically evaluated and removed. Data from three consecutive passes spanning over three hours show a magnetic profile which extends as far as 10 deg in latitude from a single region 1 Birkeland current sheet, confirming the permanent and global nature of large-scale Birkeland currents.
Birkeland, Kristian (1868-1917)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Murdin, P.
2001-07-01
Birkeland was a Norwegian physicist, born in Oslo. In 1900, he identified and then simulated the charged electron-magnetic flux tube connection between the Sun and Earth that produces the aurora. He studied the zodiacal light during expeditions to the Sudan and Egypt. Birkeland committed suicide in a depression associated with the rejection of his auroral theories by his contemporary established...
Kristian Birkeland, The First Space Scientist
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Egeland, A.; Burke, W. J.
2005-05-01
At the beginning of the 20th century Kristian Birkeland (1867-1917), a Norwegian scientist of insatiable curiosity, addressed questions that had vexed European scientists for centuries. Why do the northern lights appear overhead when the Earth's magnetic field is disturbed? How are magnetic storms connected to disturbances on the Sun? To answer these questions Birkeland interpreted his advance laboratory simulations and daring campaigns in the Arctic wilderness in the light of Maxwell's newly discovered laws of electricity and magnetism. Birkeland's ideas were dismissed for decades, only to be vindicated when satellites could fly above the Earth's atmosphere. Faced with the depleting stocks of Chilean saltpeter and the consequent prospect of mass starvation, Birkeland showed his practical side, inventing the first industrial scale method to extract nitrogen-based fertilizers from the air. Norsk Hydro, one of modern Norway's largest industries, stands as a living tribute to his genius. Hoping to demonstrate what we now call the solar wind, Birkeland moved to Egypt in 1913. Isolated from his friends by the Great War, Birkeland yearned to celebrate his 50th birthday in Norway. The only safe passage home, via the Far East, brought him to Tokyo where in the late spring of 1917 he passed away. Link: http://www.springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,11855,5-10100-22-39144987-0,00.html?changeHeader=true
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Nordic cosmogonies: Birkeland, Arrhenius and fin-de-siècle cosmical physics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kragh, Helge
2013-09-01
During the two decades before World War I, many physicists, astronomers and earth scientists engaged in interdisciplinary research projects with the aim of integrating terrestrial, solar and astronomical phenomena. Under the umbrella label "cosmical physics" they studied, for example, geomagnetic storms, atmospheric electricity, cometary tails and the aurora borealis. According to a few of the cosmical physicists, insights in solar-terrestrial and related phenomena might be extrapolated to the entire solar system or beyond it. Inspired by their research in the origin and
Fujii, R.; Iijima, T.; Potemra, T. A.; Sugiura, M.
1981-01-01
Seasonal variations of large-scale Birkeland currents are examined in a study of the source mechanisms and the closure of the three-dimensional current systems in the ionosphere. Vector magnetic field data acquired by the TRIAD satellite in the Northern Hemisphere were analyzed for the statistics of single sheet and double sheet Birkeland currents during 555 passes during the summer and 408 passes during the winter. The single sheet currents are observed more frequently in the dayside of the auroral zone, and more often in summer than in winter. The intensities of both the single and double dayside currents are found to be greater in the summer than in the winter by a factor of two, while the intensities of the double sheet Birkeland currents on the nightside do not show a significant difference from summer to winter. Both the single and double sheet currents are found at higher latitudes in the summer than in the winter on the dayside. Results suggest that the Birkeland current intensities are controlled by the ionospheric conductivity in the polar region, and that the currents close via the polar cap when the conductivity there is sufficiently high. It is also concluded that an important source of these currents must be a voltage generator in the magnetosphere.
High altitude observations of Birkeland currents
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Russell, C. T.
1977-01-01
Several models of field-aligned currents (Birkeland currents) in the magnetosphere are discussed, and high altitude observations of these currents, carried out with the aid of highly eccentric earth-orbiting spacecraft of the OGO and IMP series, are reviewed. The essential roles of Birkeland currents are identified: they relieve charge imbalances, transmit stresses, and lead to particle acceleration anomalous resistivity.
The effect of Birkeland currents on magnetic field topology
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Peroomian, Vahe; Lyons, Larry R.; Schulz, Michael
1996-01-01
A technique was developed for the inclusion of large scale magnetospheric current systems in magnetic field models. The region 1 and 2 Birkeland current systems are included in the source surface model of the terrestrial magnetosphere. The region 1 and 2 Birkeland currents are placed in the model using a series of field aligned, infinitely thin wire segments. The normal component of the magnetic field from these currents is calculated on the surface of the magnetopause and shielded using image current carrying wires placed outside of the magnetosphere. It is found that the inclusion of the Birkeland currents in the model results in a northward magnetic field in the near-midnight tail, leading to the closure of previously open flux in the tail, and a southward magnetic field in the flanks. A sunward shift in the separatrix is observed.
Ionospheric and Birkeland current distributions inferred from the MAGSAT magnetometer data
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Zanetti, L. J.; Potemra, T. A.; Baumjohann, W.
1983-01-01
Ionospheric and field-aligned sheet current density distributions are presently inferred by means of MAGSAT vector magnetometer data, together with an accurate magnetic field model. By comparing Hall current densities inferred from the MAGSAT data and those inferred from simultaneously recorded ground based data acquired by the Scandinavian magnetometer array, it is determined that the former have previously been underestimated due to high damping of magnetic variations with high spatial wave numbers between the ionosphere and the MAGSAT orbit. Among important results of this study is noted the fact that the Birkeland and electrojet current systems are colocated. The analyses have shown a tendency for triangular rather than constant electrojet current distributions as a function of latitude, consistent with the statistical, uniform regions 1 and 2 Birkeland current patterns.
Anderson, B. J.; Korth, H.; Waters, C. L.; ...
2014-05-07
The Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment uses magnetic field data from the Iridium constellation to derive the global Birkeland current distribution every 10 min. We examine cases in which the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) rotated from northward to southward resulting in onsets of the Birkeland currents. Dayside Region 1/2 currents, totaling ~25% of the final current, appear within 20 min of the IMF southward turning and remain steady. In the onset of nightside currents occurs 40 to 70 min after the dayside currents appear. Afterwards, the currents intensify at dawn, dusk, and on the dayside, yielding a fullymore » formed Region 1/2 system ~30 min after the nightside onset. Our results imply that the dayside Birkeland currents are driven by magnetopause reconnection, and the remainder of the system forms as magnetospheric return flows start and progress sunward, ultimately closing the Dungey convection cycle.« less
The relationship of total Birkeland currents to the merging electric field
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Bythrow, P. F.; Potemra, T. A.
1983-01-01
Magsat data were used to examine the behavior of Birkeland currents during 1100-2000 UT in consecutive orbits passing near the dawn-dusk meridian. The field was measured with a three-axis fluxgate instrument with a resolution of within 0.5 nT, with the sampling occurring every 1/16th sec. A total of 32 crossings of the Northern Hemisphere auroral zone were available for analysis. The changes in the magnetic readings were correlated more closely with variation in the IMF parameters than to the latitudinal width of the changes. Evidence was found for a relationship between the reconnection electric field and the intensity of the large-scale Birkeland current system. The total conductance of the auroral zone was calculated to be about 18.7 mhos.
Ionospheric convection inferred from interplanetary magnetic field-dependent Birkeland currents
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Rasmussen, C. E.; Schunk, R. W.
1988-01-01
Computer simulations of ionospheric convection have been performed, combining empirical models of Birkeland currents with a model of ionospheric conductivity in order to investigate IMF-dependent convection characteristics. Birkeland currents representing conditions in the northern polar cap of the negative IMF By component are used. Two possibilities are considered: (1) the morning cell shifting into the polar cap as the IMF turns northward, and this cell and a distorted evening cell providing for sunward flow in the polar cap; and (2) the existence of a three-cell pattern when the IMF is strongly northward.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Coxon, John C.; Rae, I. Jonathan; Forsyth, Colin; Jackman, Caitriona M.; Fear, Robert C.; Anderson, Brian J.
2017-06-01
We conduct a superposed epoch analysis of Birkeland current densities from AMPERE (Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment) using isolated substorm expansion phase onsets identified by an independently derived data set. In order to evaluate whether R1 and R2 currents contribute to the substorm current wedge, we rotate global maps of Birkeland currents into a common coordinate system centered on the magnetic local time of substorm onset. When the latitude of substorm is taken into account, it is clear that both R1 and R2 current systems play a role in substorm onset, contrary to previous studies which found that R2 current did not contribute. The latitude of substorm onset is colocated with the interface between R1 and R2 currents, allowing us to infer that R1 current closes just tailward and R2 current closes just earthward of the associated current disruption in the tail. AMPERE is the first data set to give near-instantaneous measurements of Birkeland current across the whole polar cap, and this study addresses apparent discrepancies in previous studies which have used AMPERE to examine the morphology of the substorm current wedge. Finally, we present evidence for an extremely localized reduction in current density immediately prior to substorm onset, and we interpret this as the first statistical signature of auroral dimming in Birkeland current.
Relationship between Birkeland current regions, particle precipitation, and electric fields
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
De La Beaujardiere, O.; Watermann, J.; Newell, P.; Rich, F.
1993-01-01
The relationship of the large-scale dayside Birkeland currents to large-scale particle precipitation patterns, currents, and convection is examined using DMSP and Sondrestrom radar observations. It is found that the local time of the mantle currents is not limited to the longitude of the cusp proper, but covers a larger local time extent. The mantle currents flow entirely on open field lines. About half of region 1 currents flow on open field lines, consistent with the assumption that the region 1 currents are generated by the solar wind dynamo and flow within the surface that separates open and closed field lines. More than 80 percent of the Birkeland current boundaries do not correspond to particle precipitation boundaries. Region 2 currents extend beyond the plasma sheet poleward boundary; region 1 currents flow in part on open field lines; mantle currents and mantle particles are not coincident. On most passes when a triple current sheet is observed, the convection reversal is located on closed field lines.
Upward electron beams measured by DE-1 - A primary source of dayside region-1 Birkeland currents
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Burch, J. L.; Reiff, P. H.; Sugiura, M.
1983-01-01
Measurements made by the High Altitude Plasma Instrument on DE-1 have shown that intense upward electron beams with energies from about 20 eV to about 200 eV are a common feature of the region just equatorward of the morning-side polar cusp. Computations of the currents carried by these beams and by the precipitating cusp electrons show excellent agreement with the simultaneous DE-1 magnetometer measurements for both upward and downward Birkeland currents. The data indicate that cold ionospheric electrons, which carry the downward region-1 Birkeland currents on the morning side, are accelerated upward by potential drops of a few tens of eV at altitudes of several thousand kilometers. This acceleration process allows spacecraft above those altitudes to measure routinely the charge carriers of both downward and upward current systems.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Anderson, Brian J.; Korth, Haje; Welling, Daniel T.; Merkin, Viacheslav G.; Wiltberger, Michael J.; Raeder, Joachim; Barnes, Robin J.; Waters, Colin L.; Pulkkinen, Antti A.; Rastaetter, Lutz
2017-02-01
Two of the geomagnetic storms for the Space Weather Prediction Center Geospace Environment Modeling challenge occurred after data were first acquired by the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE). We compare Birkeland currents from AMPERE with predictions from four models for the 4-5 April 2010 and 5-6 August 2011 storms. The four models are the Weimer (2005b) field-aligned current statistical model, the Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation, the Open Global Geospace Circulation Model MHD simulation, and the Space Weather Modeling Framework MHD simulation. The MHD simulations were run as described in Pulkkinen et al. (2013) and the results obtained from the Community Coordinated Modeling Center. The total radial Birkeland current, ITotal, and the distribution of radial current density, Jr, for all models are compared with AMPERE results. While the total currents are well correlated, the quantitative agreement varies considerably. The Jr distributions reveal discrepancies between the models and observations related to the latitude distribution, morphologies, and lack of nightside current systems in the models. The results motivate enhancing the simulations first by increasing the simulation resolution and then by examining the relative merits of implementing more sophisticated ionospheric conductance models, including ionospheric outflows or other omitted physical processes. Some aspects of the system, including substorm timing and location, may remain challenging to simulate, implying a continuing need for real-time specification.
Dominant modes of variability in large-scale Birkeland currents
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cousins, E. D. P.; Matsuo, Tomoko; Richmond, A. D.; Anderson, B. J.
2015-08-01
Properties of variability in large-scale Birkeland currents are investigated through empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of 1 week of data from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE). Mean distributions and dominant modes of variability are identified for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Differences in the results from the two hemispheres are observed, which are attributed to seasonal differences in conductivity (the study period occurred near solstice). A universal mean and set of dominant modes of variability are obtained through combining the hemispheric results, and it is found that the mean and first three modes of variability (EOFs) account for 38% of the total observed squared magnetic perturbations (δB2) from both hemispheres. The mean distribution represents a standard Region 1/Region 2 (R1/R2) morphology of currents and EOF 1 captures the strengthening/weakening of the average distribution and is well correlated with the north-south component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). EOF 2 captures a mixture of effects including the expansion/contraction and rotation of the (R1/R2) currents; this mode correlates only weakly with possible external driving parameters. EOF 3 captures changes in the morphology of the currents in the dayside cusp region and is well correlated with the dawn-dusk component of the IMF. The higher-order EOFs capture more complex, smaller-scale variations in the Birkeland currents and appear generally uncorrelated with external driving parameters. The results of the EOF analysis described here are used for describing error covariance in a data assimilation procedure utilizing AMPERE data, as described in a companion paper.
Kristian Birkeland - The man and the scientist
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Egeland, A.
1984-01-01
A review is presented of Birkeland's outstanding contributions to auroral theory and, in particular, to the foundation of modern magnetospheric physics. Birkeland's first years in research, after a study of mathematics and theoretical physics at the university, were concerned with Maxwell's theory, the investigation of electromagnetic waves in conductors, wave propagation in space, an energy transfer by means of electromagnetic waves, and a general expression for the Poynting vector. Experiments with cathode rays near a magnet in 1895, led Birkeland to the development of an auroral theory. This theory represented the first detailed, realistic explanation of the creation of an aurora. Attention is given to experiments conducted to verify the theory, the discovery of the polar elementary storm, and the deduction of auroral electric currents. Birkeland's background and education is also considered along with his personality.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gustafsson, G.; Potemra, T. A.; Favin, S.; Saflekos, N. A.
1981-10-01
Principal oscillations of the TRIAD satellite are studied in 150 passes and are identified as the librations of a gravity-stabilized satellite. The libration periods are T(O)/2 and T(O)/(3) exp 1/2, where T(O) is the orbit period of about 100 min. The amplitude and phase change over periods of a few days, sometimes vanishing altogether, and these attitude changes are numerically evaluated and removed. Data from three consecutive passes spanning over three hours show a magnetic profile which extends as far as 10 deg in latitude from a single region 1 Birkeland current sheet, confirming the permanent and global nature of large-scale Birkeland currents.
Birkeland, Kristian (1868-1917)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Murdin, P.
2001-07-01
Birkeland was a Norwegian physicist, born in Oslo. In 1900, he identified and then simulated the charged electron-magnetic flux tube connection between the Sun and Earth that produces the aurora. He studied the zodiacal light during expeditions to the Sudan and Egypt. Birkeland committed suicide in a depression associated with the rejection of his auroral theories by his contemporary established...
Kristian Birkeland, The First Space Scientist
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Egeland, A.; Burke, W. J.
2005-05-01
At the beginning of the 20th century Kristian Birkeland (1867-1917), a Norwegian scientist of insatiable curiosity, addressed questions that had vexed European scientists for centuries. Why do the northern lights appear overhead when the Earth's magnetic field is disturbed? How are magnetic storms connected to disturbances on the Sun? To answer these questions Birkeland interpreted his advance laboratory simulations and daring campaigns in the Arctic wilderness in the light of Maxwell's newly discovered laws of electricity and magnetism. Birkeland's ideas were dismissed for decades, only to be vindicated when satellites could fly above the Earth's atmosphere. Faced with the depleting stocks of Chilean saltpeter and the consequent prospect of mass starvation, Birkeland showed his practical side, inventing the first industrial scale method to extract nitrogen-based fertilizers from the air. Norsk Hydro, one of modern Norway's largest industries, stands as a living tribute to his genius. Hoping to demonstrate what we now call the solar wind, Birkeland moved to Egypt in 1913. Isolated from his friends by the Great War, Birkeland yearned to celebrate his 50th birthday in Norway. The only safe passage home, via the Far East, brought him to Tokyo where in the late spring of 1917 he passed away. Link: http://www.springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,11855,5-10100-22-39144987-0,00.html?changeHeader=true
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Nordic cosmogonies: Birkeland, Arrhenius and fin-de-siècle cosmical physics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kragh, Helge
2013-09-01
During the two decades before World War I, many physicists, astronomers and earth scientists engaged in interdisciplinary research projects with the aim of integrating terrestrial, solar and astronomical phenomena. Under the umbrella label "cosmical physics" they studied, for example, geomagnetic storms, atmospheric electricity, cometary tails and the aurora borealis. According to a few of the cosmical physicists, insights in solar-terrestrial and related phenomena might be extrapolated to the entire solar system or beyond it. Inspired by their research in the origin and
In times of universal deceit, truth is a crime. Censorship should be banned.
Who and what are you not able to openly criticise? Thats who Id like to hear about. Fact checking is propaganda by the very nature of the act.
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