Showing posts with label Globalisation. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Globalisation. Show all posts

From the myth of Russia's payment default to the collapse (reset?) of the global financial system

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How much of the bumbling, lying, stupidity, hypocrisy and projection that we are currently seeing from the increasingly aloof political class in the West is down to hubris and self delusions of a former time? That stuffed pig paraded as a rules based global power structure with the checks and balances we have been taught are inherent in our free society dont seem to be there do they. 

They confess all the time, by projection at other leaders. Apply thier accusations to them and it is enough to explain all the bizarre events happening because once you understand the scope to behave in such ways without any apparent oversight, exposure, headline grabbing scandal or consequences, then it makes sense to see that during the last dying kicks of a bloated  hegemony so thickly entrenched with the bureocratic infrastructure designed to rigidly maintain the status quo on on the Judeo Christian Anglo American Empire, the first secret empire. An empire of spin, deception and a bag of sweeties to lure you to the car where you may find a shovel, rope, a saw and cable ties. That empire has realised an information age it is now tasked with containing. Once free access to the the uncensored thoughts of others created an open source citizen journalism phenomenon to replace the consumers of corporate spin they preferred. That would mean honest debates on the issues would actually take place, issues would escape the fishbowl and debate would advance those issues instead of the the social engineering of "Divide and Rule" designed in order to sew division between by taking advantage of entrenched cultural, ethnic, religious  and ideological  flash points to the point of fear. In that climate the population votes or appeals to the power structure involved to please intervene to save one demographic from whichever other one has been engineered by social institutions and contemporary values (or actual people who "conspired" to manipulate puplic perceptions.) 

The stuffed pig presented as a rules based international order (they renamed "New World Order" on advice of think tanks) that is is the parade float (with their presstitutes, the PR Firms, er sorry I mean the mainstrean syndicated media conglomerates) riding along with them is facing the consequence of decades of blatant plunder and needs an enemy and an excuse to avoid ccountability.  Still, you would thinl they would put a bit more effort into it? How nuch idiocy is coming exactly from incompetence and how much is just them just rolling it until the great reset is hard to asses. Its even possible there is a faction with influence and persuasion that are actively designing the strategy best thought likely to collapse the current system.

If so,  it excuses no crime because current institutional and cultural values would ONLY be able to interpret such a mindset on terms of words such as: Treason, sabotage, ambush, undemocratic, State Capture etc. 

Legally cases could be shaped around conspiring to overthrow representative government, overthrowing transparency , (oversight) or removing remove accountability to voters for policy and taxpayers for failing to manage their taxation wich funds government for infrastructure, utilities and civil services and instead give to banks, the MIC and Wall Street. CRIMINAL mismanagement of public funding.
Is 6that the "Rules based" order they speak of?
 
Why is there no accountability? How did they become unelected bosses not civil servants to your constituency? And by contrast, what moral high ground allows them to point fingers at other leaders and suggest THEIR management of anything is no bad that THEY want to intervene on behalf of freedom and democracy? If this were so 2my are they not doing so on behalf of their own people? 



by Karine Bechet-Golovko.


While the United States did everything to prevent Russia from paying its debt, it sent the funds ... only foreign financial institutions received the American ban on returning them to creditors and crashed. Who is in default, the one who pays or the one who prevents payment? The United States has gone so far that even the French media cannot digest it. Because the question that now arises is that of the reliability of the United States as a financial partner: are they going to default on any country that is not sufficiently vassalized? These are mafia methods. And the current global financial system is only an instrument of this mafia, as he has just shown.




To cause Russia to default, the United States prohibited financial organizations from processing the payment made by Russia on time. Thus, the money is blocked, not transferred to creditors, and American agencies and media can finally talk about the effectiveness of their sanctions, which did not allow Russia to pay its debts.




Bloomberg had launched the movement:




The speech is laid, I quote Bloomberg:




"Russia has defaulted on its external sovereign obligations for the first time in a century, the culmination of ever-tougher Western sanctions that have closed payment channels to foreign creditors."




And the New York Times takes the same line, the official American line:




"Russia on Sunday missed a deadline to make bond payments, a move signaling its first default on international debt in more than a century, after Western sanctions thwarted government efforts to pay debts. foreign investors. The delay comes on top of efforts to insulate Moscow from global capital markets for years. About $100 million in dollar and euro-denominated interest payments failed to reach investors within a 30-day grace period after the May 27 deadline was missed. The grace period expired on Sunday evening."




For its part, the French media have a more nuanced discourse, insisting more on the fact that Russia has paid and that the payments have been blocked, like BFM which, contrary to its habit, widely disseminates the Russian position on the question:




"The international payment and clearing systems obtained the funds on time and in full and had the legal and financial means to transfer the funds in question to the final recipients", denounced the Russian Ministry of Finance.




Le Figaro even titles that Russia has been pushed into an artificial default, echoing the position of the Russian Ministry of Finance:




Moody's agency, the voice of its master, insists on default - whatever the reasons, the creditors have not received the funds, so there is default. And since Russia plans to pay the rest in roubles, there will still be a default. Behind the excess of formalism, we feel the ideological line: there can be no life outside the global world, Russia having emerged from globalization, cannot exist, it must therefore be decreed in default.




For its part, the position of the Russian Ministry of Finance is very clear, it is based on the notion of default of payment:




"According to the issuance documentation for the issuances shown, the fact of default is the debtor's failure to pay, however payment was made in advance - May 20, 2022. In this case, the non- receipt of the money by the investors did not occur as a result of default in payment, but due to third parties, which is not expressly provided for in the issue documentation as an event of default and must be considered within the framework of the general rules of law governing the terms of the issue, taking into account all the circumstances and the good faith of the acts of the parties”.




In other words, Russia cannot be held responsible for acts committed by financial structures not under its jurisdiction. Thus, Russia is not in a situation comparable to that of 1918: it has the means to pay, despite Western sanctions and it has paid. It is the globalized financial system, which has just collapsed before our eyes, because it is no longer able to guarantee the rights of creditors.




The question that begins to arise is ultimately that of the reliability of the Americans and their pocket financial structures, which can be launched against any country, from the moment it is not sufficiently submissive. The western "partners" of the United States, namely its satellite countries (from the American point of view), should seriously ask themselves the question: do they really need this? What happens with Russia can happen with any of them, if the circumstances demand it. That is, if the global Atlanticist interest is at stake.
 


Russia defiant: Gas for Rubles, Gold backed Rubles & the NATO driven suicide of the Petrodollar


As the population of the West bears the brunt of its efforts to invoke regime change in Russia, which is unlikely to happen, let's look at how Russia has so cleverly managed to come out of this unscathed. Perhaps it's fair to say that within the context of the broder economic and geopolitical landscape Putin has made huge strides in efforts to secure Russia against the weaponized dollar based internationalist forged economic monopoly of capital finance cabals backed by interest bearing debt, Saudi Oil and WAR.

Use the search bar for the history of this struggle to broaden your gaze, I have ben covering this geopolitical cold war between East & West for years.


To set things off I will host below a sober and balanced article from an open source journalism site,  The Conversation, that does not do the absurd "good vs evil" analysis. That typ of analysis which the MSM has been so patronising as to seriously put forward such a narrative when covering Russia, and particularly Putin.

Above: A synopsis of the West's comical handling of the broader economic conflict with Russia.

...










Why Russia has put the rouble on a gold standard – but it’s unlikely to last
Published: April 5, 2022 2.45pm SAST


Alexander Mihailov, University of Reading





What Vladimir did next. EPA






The Bank of Russia, the country’s central bank, has surprisingly










Announced: a fixed price for buying gold with roubles. With a price of RUB5,000 (£45.12) for a gram of gold, to my knowledge it’s the first time that a nation’s currency has been expressed in “gold parity” since Switzerland decided to stop doing so in 1999.


Enacting gold parity was common practice by the world’s major powers for facilitating international trade payments in the era of the gold standard in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The same was true in a slightly different way during the Bretton Woods era from 1944 until 1971, which was when US President Nixon decided to end the system by removing the link between gold and the US dollar.


Putin’s new arrangement is envisaged, initially, to hold from March 28 to June 30. It is the latest in a series of rouble-related moves by the Russians, starting with the announcement on March 23 that they would only accept roubles for European gas instead of euros and US dollars. I predicted that Russia would at least extend this policy to oil, but it has gone further and signalled an intention to make it apply to all the commodities it exports (others include wheat, nickel, aluminium, enriched uranium and neon).


The main goal of these moves is to try to ensure the credibility of the rouble by making it more desirable in the forex market, though it also fits into longstanding attempts by Russia and China to weaken the US dollar’s dominance as global reserve currency (meaning it’s the currency in which most international goods are priced and which most central banks hold in their foreign reserves).


As one can see in the chart below, the rouble collapsed in late February and early March when western sanctions were imposed in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine (the collapse looks like a rise in the chart because it’s showing the number of roubles to the US dollar rather than the other way around).


Rouble/USD chart
Trading View


After the big drop, the rouble recovered somewhat, which is typical in such situations (known in the literature as “exchange-rate overshooting”). However, the currency strengthened further after the roubles-for-gas announcement (no matter how serious or implementable the plan actually is – so far, there has been resistance to Putin’s new rules).


On the back of the gold announcement, the currency has continued to strengthen to about RUB83 to the dollar. As precious metals analyst Ronan Manly has said, this makes sense if you reflect that the market price of a gram of gold is currently about US$62 (£47.20). That’s fairly close to Putin’s announcement that 1 gram of gold equals RUB5,000, which effectively creates a gold-based exchange rate of RUB81 to US$1.
Previous gold-based systems


To give a sense of the similarities with the gold standard and the Bretton Woods system, let me draw a historical parallel. The UK’s Coinage Act of 1816 fixed the value of the pound sterling to 113 grains of pure gold, while the US Gold Standard Act of 1900 determined that the dollar should maintain a value of 23.22 grains of pure gold. Taken together, the two acts implied an official gold parity exchange rate of £1 = US$4.87.


It was similar during the post-war Bretton Woods era: 1 ounce of gold was said to be worth US$35, and all other currencies were fixed to and convertible into the US dollar. Gold was at the centre of the system as a way of making money credible.


No more free-floating rouble. Cloudy Design


Of course, attaching the rouble to a gold standard comes with certain “rules of the game” that Russia will have to abide by. It should be willing to exchange gold for roubles with anyone who wants to do so.


This was what the US did during the Bretton Woods era, and it led to the system’s demise: with US expenditure rising to wage the Vietnam war, dollar holders became increasingly nervous about the dollar’s value and sought to exchange it for gold.


Nixon’s unilateral decision to end convertibility was for fear that the US would run out of gold, which would have destroyed the credibility of the dollar. Since that decision, the world has moved to a system of floating exchange rates and the price of gold has steadily risen as world currencies have become weaker in relation to it. The system has effectively been supported by a deal that the Americans struck in the early 1970s to buy oil from the Saudis and give them military support in exchange for the Saudis using the dollars to buy US government bonds.


Gold price (US$/ounce)
Gold Hub


The problem for Russia is that if it is willing to exchange roubles for gold, it could soon end up in a similar situation to the US circa 1971. Wars are an abnormal state of affairs which come with huge uncertainty: no reliable forecasts are possible, and markets are liable to overreact to new developments – particularly in the short term. If confidence in the rouble falls again, many investors might decide to withdraw gold from the central bank, which could be extremely destabilising for Moscow.


The viability of Russia maintaining a fixed rate of roubles for gold is closely related to what happens to demand for Russian energy. If the west can only slowly substitute away from its dependence on Russia’s oil and gas, then demand for roubles will help to keep the currency propped up (especially if the west does end up paying in roubles).


But if politicians listen to economists and immediately stop importing Russian gas, oil and other commodities, the rouble could fall dramatically – along with the whole Russian economy. As much as this would cause a further spike in prices and pain all round, it may be the most efficient and perhaps even safest way to induce Russia to stop the war


Copyright © 2010–2022, The Conversation Africa, Inc.

Snapshot: Picking a single image to best embody 2021 so far

           When the planet is ruled by criminals, what more should we expect?
 

Click HERE for the homepage of DWAHTS

How the Romans perfected Divide and Rule with the first known PsyOp: Christianity.

 

I have received a bit of feedback on various forums regarding disbelief as to the scope and extent of the "divide and rule / divide and conquer" strategy used to both build empire and socially engineer home societies. I use that term as a generic reference for all the precedent strategies leading to the school of thought that advocates modern globalisation as an engineered process designed to centralise the operational functionality and concentrate influence/ wealth in the hands of special interests. In this context history must be viewed in terms of financial transaction and detective work centered around re-evaluating motives around who stood to gain what.

As a reminder, this globalist engineered society reveals maliceand misdirection as standard practice when special interests seek to influence the playing field outside the purview of democratically elected representative government.  this myth has governent accountable to public oversight, these power structures are an illusion, reality stands in stark contrast to the global village school of thought which perceives large multinational conglomerates, complex shareholder arrangements, mergers, acquisitions, share buybacks, boom and bust cycles and technocracy as the way humans react organically to a world being made smaller by technology. Using this cognitively aware perspective, a self understood "confirmation bias" is implicitly called for when reevaluating conventional wisdom. Once done we should then set about falsifying our own interpretation which realistically factors in human nature. It is from that perspective that history must be rejected even last weeks history in the form of the TV news, where ideological reasoning, overthrow of "brutal dictators", reasons for fighting wars, role of religion, partisanship and ethnic strife must be rejected as a matter of policy owing to unforgivable naivety.

Whether it's the  Arab Spring, Vietnam, The First World War, The Russian Revolution, the Crusades, The Inquisitions, The Imperial wars of Rome, The Peloponesion Wars or the Conquests of Alexander The Great it matters not. The historical accounts must always be considered to have been sanitised as some or other form of propaganda or spin in need of a critical eye. It is on this basis that I do not spend time squabbling with the one-eyed kings in the land of the blind, those trained or educated formally by tertiary educational institutions in the Neoliberal Globalist institutions. If I wanted the wrong, establishment sanctioned account of how we ended up in such a mess I would simply consult the Encyclopedia Britannica or even Wikipedia. I refer to this post, which must be read to appreciate this follow up:

The biggest point of contest I encounter is the fact that this strategy is not presented as such a package in either mainstream quick-check sources (Wikipedia) or in the involved courses of history as taught in the Neoliberal, globalist captured universities of today.  Well, I have news for those that simply accept narratives and resist postponing understanding until the story makes sense commensurate with our understanding of human nature... and the old adage "money makes the world go [a]round".
Broaden your gaze, you will not get it spelled out for you in such a fashion and you cannot rely on such conclusions being spoon-fed to you. History, much of science, economics and many other things are taught in narratives.  That is PRECISELY what got us into this mess. If manufacturing consent were not an agenda these subjects would not each cotemporary consensus, they would present competing hypothesis to students and allow them to major WITHIN a subject and still graduate by allowing a reasonable variance of divergent interpretation instead of conflating successful grades with how closely ones knowledge conforms with the narrative of the status quo. This is logical apart from anything else because we all know consensus is ultimately overturned 100% of the time.

Narratives include historical narratives including the history of art and specialist studies centered around motive, Egyptology, theoretical physics and all publically funded sciences and political science, economics and even philosophy and psychology.

This would not include historically verifiable source documents or archaeological evidence (which must always be subject to review with new methods and technology). It would obviously not include languages, mathematics and science or technical studies based on engineering or industry which are self correcting by the self evident premise that faulty design does not produce results. In other words:

  • Cars internal combustion engines work to highly specified standards stemming from principles of thermodynamics and chemistry.
  • The power grid is functional thanks to electrical engineering stemming from Maxwell's Equations, the work of Faraday, Gauss, Tesla and others
  • Planes fly, probes explore mars and the outer solar system and rocket capsules reach the moon based on aeronaughtical engineering, orbital mechanics and classical mechanics dating back to the classical physics of Newton and Galileo.
  •  You are reading this on a functional device, its therefore not feasible to teach a competing hypothesis that doesn't work unless it somehow adds value to know where and why past thinking produced which dead ends, possibly with a view to revive old ideas with new perspectives.

Examples of historical resources from different angles: 


It is very likely that these tactics go back much further and the elites behind them (or just the tactics themselves) hop from empire to empire. They hopped from the version of Rome they modelled on the ancient Greeks and stole from the Etruscan's,  to the Christian Rome, the Byzantine, or Holy Roman Empire.  Far earlier than that the mysterious figure of Phillip II of Macedonia is the earliest modern globalist I can trace, with his League of Corinth. His son Alexander (The Great) great surely had the quickest success in a world not yet ready to resist such a nuanced and multifaceted assault. The financial tricks were likely developed fully when Alexander made it to Babylon.  This would become "Babylonian money magic" somewhat related to usury, or the "money renting" practised by the Knights Templar.  The financial aspect is vital and I cover it in depth here in this post.  Ultimately it translates more into a globalist tool against sovereign entities through deficit spending, starting in the temples, the Mints and now central banks.

The history of Macedonia before Phillip II and Alexander The Great. 

The supranational and supernational diplomatic genius of Philip II of Macedonia was ahead of any of the other civilational powers of the time, along with his much more sophisticated use of military. 

 Elsewhere Genghis Khan would a thousand years later rule supreme, possibly (and this is not well known) the richest man in history, with yet another form of globalism/ empire more similar outwardly to Alexander than the Romans. Yet Philip prepared Alexander, who preparwd Ghengis? The Mongols were who exactly?  The only other empire to have been officially larger, the British Empire, seemed vastly different. 

In reality these empires were more similar fundamentally than represented purely on the basis of concentrating wealth and power. This is accomplished by demanding men for armies, having the colonisation logistics and militaries used for plunder financed by the same people exploited in its sevice or vitims of its conquests or obligatory tribute and slavery. What differs is how it represented. Is it open conquest, declared in the name of the Crown/ nationalism etc? Or ... or is it a secretive empire like the empire of today'.

How the tactics of empire formed the Mongol Horde is the begining days. 

All 3 of these approaches were, however, already combined by the time the Roman empire practised it not too after Alexander but before the Mongol Horde. What relics of Rome were spread far and wide Before a shadowy cult (The Imperial Cult) hijacked Rome they were a republic, but a republic has its military focused on defence.  An Empire is much better to focus on conquest to support the imperial system (now globalism is starting to resemble this). They were a new kind of king suited for multiple conquest lands rather than just one, an emperor, and ruled supreme (or at least those behind these figureheads did) .



Back to the Romans
 In terms of actual evidence we are left scratching our heads. Titus Flavian set the time of Jesus to the previous dynasty 40 years earlier to allow for prophecy to be fulfilled, which he was doing, such as destroying the temple and then destroyed all other competing texts. That is why the dead sea scrolls are so important, they were hidden when the Romans took back Roman Palestine from the Rebellion, the only example of writings from the time. 

Not too much later in history the Vatican sought control over most sovereign nations and this then persisted with the Knights Templar and the Jesuits.  The globalist versus sovereign struggle is almost as old as civilization itself.  This is as clear as it can possibly get but history can NEVER reflect this narrative since the interests behind it are still in operation today.  The Vatican has deleted so much of our history that it should count as a crime against humanity.  I suspect that much of this evidence is still partly recoverable, hidden somewhere in the Vatican or in the vaults the very highest echelons of today's elite. This may even explain the extensive fraud permeating archaeology and Egyptology today although that is just speculation.


The roman Psychological Operation to invent Jesus for purposes of divide and conquer over the Jews in Judea / Roman Palestine would later be used domestically by Constantine who would turn the cross into an upside sword and use it for divide and rule at home and for empire building.  The Romans were ruthless and effective at this and no trace of similar operations or societies survives as they obliterated Carthage (spawned by the trade of the Phoenicians , modern day Tunisia but they had a trade-based empire all over the Mediterranean basin and had to go).  They also obliterated the Greek City State of Corinth, where globalization was possibly born under Phillips ll, and left no record whatsoever of the Druids of England.  Under Titus Flavian they had similar success in some ways in Palestine, massacaring the Jews mercilessly as punishment for an earlier rebelian. They waited until passover and committed the attack, destroying the temple and fulfilling a backdated prophesy. Titus had Josephus, one of the Jewish rebellion leaders and now a turncoat, along with the Herods and the Alexanders write and set the books of the New Testament. In the end giving rise to both Christianity and Rabinical Judaism which is another story. 

Later empires swallowed what is left of the original Hebrews and Israelite's of the bible, such as the Assyrians invading Sumer in the north and the 10 lost tribes. The Romans took one hundred thousand slaves from Jerusalem. The only Jews left are the later European converts from the Ottoman Turkish regions and the steppes of Russia where the descendants were not from the Tribe of Judah.  These groups make up the largely European/Eurasian descended Ashkenazi population of Israel today.  

They took the first great agricultural societies farming myth based on the rising of the sun, the months of the year, the zodiac and the seasons which had become anthropomorphized into a literal story by dozens of societies who already had a Christ figure rising from the dead for purposes of redemption. There was no actual person called Jesus, history only reflects certain Christ like cult leaders, of which there were many. Here is comprehensive evidence of this archetypal myth.


Caesars Messiah

The Flavian dynasty was a Roman imperial dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 AD and 96 AD, encompassing the reigns of Vespasian (69–79), and his two sons Titus (79–81) and Domitian (81–96). The Flavians rose to power during the civil war of 69, known as the Year of the Four Emperors

The creators of this PsyOp were the Flavians, who filled out the the core structure of the above myth, which would have made a lousy PsyOp, with all the finer points of a brilliant psychological manipulation as well as the narcissism of a Caesar and the drama and construct of great theater.


Rod Blackhirst, PhD, analyst of the Flavian/Jesus connection using the lens of modern geopolitics and realpolitik.

Here is an excellent documentary which I was delighted to find, and never knew existed until this week. Surprisingly, it uses more traditional forms of historical interpretation yet it affirms everything I have come to suspect and more. Claims it has been "debunked" are weak  and ignore the obvious impossibility of wholesale narrative rejection. Its well worth the watch.  Since it is over an hour long I will post the YouTube link below.



The Roman destruction of Carthage: An Insight into the Roman origins based around a suspiciously fast rise around its shadowy cults and merchant geneses of today's multinationals.

The Collapse of the Roman Empire was a controlled destruction based around deficit spending, just as is being done by globalists today who have not changed strategy.

https://dwahts.blogspot.com/2018/11/empires-only-collapse-for-one-reason.html


Sources/Citations

Historical Context

Caesars Timeline

27 BCE - 14 CE
*Source Material where possible has been located if presented with enough freedom from narrative baggage) in the form of easily digestible and widely accessible multimedia and embedded in my synopsis above at that point where it lends itself to context. This is not always possible so here are the most important sources to scrutinise when assessing my angles and conclusions:
 


  • Tragedy and Hope Carol Quigly
  • http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au Archived 25 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  • ^ “Dell’arte della guerra: testo – IntraText CT”intratext.com.
  • “Flavius Josephus, The Wars of the Jews, Book I, section 159”. Perseus Project. Retrieved 27 August2011.
  • “Strabo, Geography, Book 8, chapter 7, section 1”. Perseus Project. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
  • “Constitutional Government: James Madison to Thomas Jefferson”. Press-pubs.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
  • “The Federalist #10”constitution.org.
  • “Immanuel Kant: Perpetual Peace: Appendix I”. Constitution.org. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
  • Kant: Political Writings, H.S. Reiss, 2013
  • Hall J It’s You and Me Baby: Narcissist Head Games The Narcissist Family Files 27 Mar 2017
  • Ilia Xypolia. ‘Divide et Impera: Vertical and Horizontal Dimensions of British Imperialism’. Critique: journal of socialist theory, vol 44, no. 3, pp. 221-231, 2016. P. 221.
  • Boddy, C. R. Corporate Psychopaths: Organizational Destroyers (2011)
  • “HISTORY OF NIGERIA”historyworld.net.
  • BUELL, PAUL D. (1979). “SINO-KHITAN ADMINISTRATION IN MONGOL BUKHARA”. Journal of Asian History. Harrassowitz Verlag. 13 (2): 137–8. JSTOR 41930343.
  • Shashi Tharoor – Inglorious Empire What the British Did to India
  • Jon Wilson, 2016, India Conquered: Britain’s Raj and the chaos of empire, cited in a review of Tharoor’s work by Elizabeth Buettner in “Debt of Honour: why the European impact on India must be fully acknowledged”, Times Literary Supplement, August 11, 2017, pages 13-14.
  • Markandey Katju. “The truth about Pakistan”. The Nation. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  • Pernin, Christopher G.; et al. (2008). “Unfolding the Future of the Long War” (PDF). US Army Training and Doctrine Command’s Army Capability Integration Center – via RAND Arroyo.
  • “The Pentagon plan to ‘divide and rule’ the Muslim world”Middle East Eye. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  • “France: The Roman conquest”Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 April 2015. Because of chronic internal rivalries, Gallic resistance was easily broken, though Vercingetorix’s Great Rebellion of 52 bce had notable successes.
  • “Julius Caesar: The first triumvirate and the conquest of Gaul”Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 15 February 2015. Indeed, the Gallic cavalry was probably superior to the Roman, horseman for horseman. Rome’s military superiority lay in its mastery of strategy, tactics, discipline, and military engineering. In Gaul, Rome also had the advantage of being able to deal separately with dozens of relatively small, independent, and uncooperative states. Caesar conquered these piecemeal, and the concerted attempt made by a number of them in 52 bce to shake off the Roman yoke came too late.
  • Grob-Fitzgibbon, Benjamin (2011). Imperial Endgame: Britain’s Dirty Wars and the End of Empire. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 285.
  • Jordan, Preston Lim (2018). The Evolution of British Counter-Insurgency during the Cyprus Revolt, 1955–1959. Springer. p. 58.
  • “International Justice: The Case of Cyprus”. Washington, D.C.: The HuffPost. Retrieved 1 November2017.
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